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論文摘要:人學(xué)思想的形成和發(fā)展,是一個(gè)從理性的人經(jīng)由抽象的人再到現(xiàn)實(shí)的人的過(guò)程。馬克思以現(xiàn)實(shí)的人為出發(fā)點(diǎn),以實(shí)踐為基本范疇,把自己的學(xué)說(shuō)歸結(jié)為關(guān)于現(xiàn)實(shí)的人及其歷史發(fā)展的科學(xué),這一學(xué)說(shuō)深刻的揭示了人的本質(zhì)及其通過(guò)自身的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)現(xiàn)實(shí)地生成的過(guò)程。在他早期的著作中對(duì)“現(xiàn)實(shí)的人”論述把人從思辨、抽象性的人和自然的人中解放出來(lái),真正賦予了人以現(xiàn)實(shí)性,實(shí)現(xiàn)了人本質(zhì)的復(fù)歸。
馬克思的人學(xué)思想的形成過(guò)程也就是馬克思思想逐漸成熟的過(guò)程 。馬克思從抽象 的人走 向了現(xiàn)實(shí)的人 。使得人的自我認(rèn)識(shí)發(fā)生計(jì)劃時(shí)代的轉(zhuǎn)向。
一、 “現(xiàn)實(shí)的人”思想的提出
“現(xiàn)實(shí)的人”思想的萌芽大致在 1843--1844年,體現(xiàn)在馬克思所寫(xiě)的《黑格爾法哲學(xué)批判》一書(shū)和在 《德法年鑒》發(fā)表的文章中。1843--1844年這一段時(shí)期,馬克思關(guān)于人的存在思想的基調(diào)已經(jīng) 由黑格爾理性主義轉(zhuǎn)向費(fèi)爾巴哈的人本主義 ,但“現(xiàn)實(shí)的人”的思想已經(jīng)較明確地提出來(lái)了。
黑格爾哲學(xué)雖然以思辨的理性主義形式解決了人的“現(xiàn)有”與“應(yīng)有”之間的矛盾,幫助馬克思面向現(xiàn)實(shí)使其成為一個(gè)理性主義的現(xiàn)實(shí)批判主義者,但黑格爾并沒(méi)有解決實(shí)際生活中的人的現(xiàn)實(shí)與理想矛盾。馬克思在對(duì)黑格爾法哲學(xué)進(jìn)行批判時(shí),就借用了費(fèi)爾巴哈人的本質(zhì)異化的理論。在研究黑格爾法哲學(xué)的過(guò)程中,馬克思發(fā)現(xiàn) ,國(guó)家并不像黑格爾認(rèn)為的那樣是普遍利益與特殊利益一致的表現(xiàn) ,私人利益戰(zhàn)勝普遍理性的事實(shí)表 明,國(guó)家只不過(guò)是主體政治異化的表現(xiàn) ,是普遍利益和特殊利益矛盾沖突的產(chǎn)物。從主體活動(dòng)的異化和矛盾的沖突來(lái)解釋國(guó)家現(xiàn)象,標(biāo)志著馬克思已在費(fèi)爾巴哈的影響下開(kāi)始從人學(xué)角度考慮現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題。那么“現(xiàn)實(shí)的人”究竟指什么?在馬克思看來(lái),現(xiàn)實(shí)的人當(dāng)然是“自然和精神、肉體和靈魂”的統(tǒng)一體,但就其本質(zhì)而言“不是人的胡子、血液、抽象的肉體本性 ,而是人的社會(huì)特質(zhì),而國(guó)家的職能等等只不過(guò)是人的社會(huì)特質(zhì)的存在和活動(dòng)方式”。他同時(shí)指出,應(yīng)當(dāng)把“人的存在的這些社會(huì)形式”如家庭、市民社會(huì)、國(guó)家等等看 作人的本質(zhì)的實(shí)現(xiàn),“看作人本質(zhì)的客體化;” 應(yīng)當(dāng)把“人 的活動(dòng)”“作為家庭和市民社會(huì)的成員而存在的那些群體”看作 國(guó)家等社會(huì)組織的基礎(chǔ),而不是像黑格爾所做的那樣,于是人與社會(huì)的關(guān)系應(yīng)當(dāng)是“人永遠(yuǎn)是一切社會(huì)組織的本質(zhì),但是這些組織也表現(xiàn)人的現(xiàn)實(shí)普遍性,因而是一切人所共有的”。 “因此馬克思看到,現(xiàn)實(shí)的人并不是單個(gè)人的存在 ,而是社會(huì)的存在,即類(lèi)存在——人也 只有在 自己的類(lèi)存在 中,只有作為人們 ,才能是人格的現(xiàn)實(shí)理念。
就這樣馬克思的早期人學(xué)理論以現(xiàn)實(shí) 的人為出發(fā)點(diǎn)展開(kāi)了。從現(xiàn)實(shí)的人 出發(fā),“而且一刻也不離開(kāi)這種前提”,這正好體現(xiàn)了邏輯與現(xiàn)實(shí)的統(tǒng)一 ,邏輯與歷史的統(tǒng)一。如果說(shuō)有一個(gè)完整的體系的話(huà),那么它的理論必然是這樣一個(gè)無(wú)限展開(kāi)的形式:以現(xiàn)實(shí)的人為出發(fā)點(diǎn)的序言——以現(xiàn)實(shí)的人為核心所展開(kāi)的論證—— 以現(xiàn)實(shí)的人的解放為最終歸宿的結(jié)論。它堅(jiān)決鄙棄一切宿命論,把現(xiàn)實(shí)的人當(dāng)作歷史的主體,當(dāng)作歷史的“尉中人物和劇作者”,從而打開(kāi)了歷史奧秘的大門(mén)。
二、“現(xiàn)實(shí)的人”思想的發(fā)展
馬克思人學(xué)理論創(chuàng)建的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,體現(xiàn)在《1844年經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)哲學(xué)手稿》的異化勞動(dòng)學(xué)說(shuō)中。馬克思認(rèn)為人的本質(zhì)只有從人的活動(dòng) 中才能確證,要研究人就要研究人的活動(dòng)本性 ,而人的活動(dòng)則是自由自覺(jué)的 ,所謂 自由 自覺(jué)的活動(dòng),就是指人 的合規(guī)律性與合 目的性的活動(dòng)相統(tǒng)一的活動(dòng),就是主體按照 自身的需要、價(jià)值取向以及對(duì)于客體屬性規(guī)律性認(rèn)識(shí)所構(gòu)成的目的而進(jìn)行的感性物質(zhì)活動(dòng)。這種感性的物質(zhì)活動(dòng),就是人的對(duì)象性活動(dòng),在哲學(xué)意義上這種對(duì)象性活動(dòng)就是勞動(dòng)。
馬克思在《1844年經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)哲學(xué)手稿》中指出,勞動(dòng)是人的本質(zhì)。但馬克思對(duì)人之勞動(dòng)本質(zhì)的揭示并不是直接的,而是從勞動(dòng)的否定形式——異化勞動(dòng)開(kāi)始的。馬克思首先從當(dāng)時(shí)的經(jīng)濟(jì)事實(shí)出發(fā)進(jìn)行分析 ,把造成資本 主義社會(huì)工人 日益貧 困化 ,造成工人與產(chǎn)品對(duì)立的原 因歸結(jié)為異化勞動(dòng)?!叭绻と瞬皇窃谏a(chǎn)行為本身 中使 自身異化,那么工人活動(dòng)的產(chǎn)品怎么會(huì)作為相異的東西同工人對(duì)立呢?產(chǎn)品不過(guò)是活動(dòng)、生產(chǎn)的總結(jié)。因此,如果勞動(dòng)的產(chǎn)品是外化的,那么生產(chǎn)本身必然是能動(dòng)的外化,或活動(dòng)的外化,外化的活動(dòng)。在勞動(dòng)對(duì)象的異化中不過(guò)總結(jié)了勞動(dòng)活動(dòng)本身的異化、外化?!苯?jīng)過(guò)這一番分析,馬克思不僅揭示出工人貧困的原因是異化勞動(dòng),而且提示出在資本主義社會(huì)中的異化勞動(dòng)不是人的真正本質(zhì)。既然人的本質(zhì)不是異化勞動(dòng),那就應(yīng)該是勞動(dòng)。所以,勞動(dòng)不僅創(chuàng)造了人,而且使人的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)有別于動(dòng)物的生產(chǎn),使人在保持自然性的同時(shí),又具有了社會(huì)性、能動(dòng)性 。勞動(dòng)是人的生命活動(dòng)的方式和內(nèi)容,是人的本質(zhì),“人的類(lèi)特性恰恰就是自由的自覺(jué)的活動(dòng)”。
在資本主義條件下,“勞動(dòng)對(duì)工人來(lái)說(shuō)是外在的東西,也就是說(shuō),不屬于他的本質(zhì):因此,他在 自己的勞動(dòng)中不是肯定 自己,而是否定 自己,不是感到幸福而是感到不幸,不是自由地發(fā)揮 自己的體力和智力 ,而是使 自己的肉體受折磨精神遭摧殘”。因此,他的勞動(dòng)不是 自愿的勞動(dòng) ,而是被迫的強(qiáng)制勞動(dòng)。也就是說(shuō),異化勞動(dòng)是對(duì)人本質(zhì)的摧殘和否定——異化勞動(dòng)階段是人的發(fā)展的否定階段。異化勞動(dòng)使工人從勞動(dòng)的主體變成了客體,使勞動(dòng)喪失了自主性,使工人淪為機(jī)器,勞動(dòng)成為工人的沉重負(fù)擔(dān)。異化勞動(dòng)是對(duì)人本質(zhì)的摧殘和否定,所以,要達(dá)到人的全面發(fā)展就必須實(shí)現(xiàn)否定之否定,實(shí)現(xiàn)從非人到人的復(fù)歸。要達(dá)到人的本質(zhì)的復(fù)歸,就必須揚(yáng)棄私有財(cái)產(chǎn)。“對(duì)私有財(cái)產(chǎn)的積極的揚(yáng)棄,作為對(duì)人的生命的占有,是一切異化的積極的揚(yáng)棄,從而是人從宗教、家庭、國(guó)家等等向自己的人的存在即社會(huì)的存在的復(fù)歸?!睋P(yáng)棄私有財(cái)產(chǎn),就是使人重新占有己經(jīng)失去的生命活動(dòng)。這樣,在揚(yáng)棄了一切異化之后,人的生命活動(dòng)得到肯定和尊重,人獲得了本質(zhì)的復(fù)歸。
從《1844年經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)哲學(xué)手稿》中表述的思想可 以看出,馬克思己開(kāi)始了對(duì)人自身活動(dòng)的分析,并把人的本質(zhì)歸結(jié)為“自由自覺(jué)的活動(dòng)”,并以此為基礎(chǔ),從人的本質(zhì)出發(fā),分析異化勞動(dòng)的內(nèi)容和歷史發(fā)展的過(guò)程。從人的現(xiàn)實(shí)活動(dòng)內(nèi)在本性上去規(guī)定人,批判資本主義制度對(duì)人性的摧殘和異化,這表明了馬克思的現(xiàn)實(shí)人的理論已得到初步確立?!?844年經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)哲學(xué)手稿》表明馬克思已轉(zhuǎn)到費(fèi)爾巴哈的人本主義立場(chǎng) ,他把勞動(dòng)規(guī)定為人的本質(zhì),根據(jù)人的本質(zhì)——人的本質(zhì)的異化——人的本質(zhì)的復(fù)歸的思維邏輯模式來(lái)解釋人類(lèi)社會(huì)的發(fā)展。
三、“現(xiàn)實(shí)的人”思想的最終形成
真正標(biāo)志著馬克思“現(xiàn)實(shí)人”思想成熟的著作是《德意志意識(shí)形態(tài)》,馬克思在這里對(duì)“現(xiàn)實(shí)的人”作了第一次科學(xué)的較全面地闡述。在《德意志意識(shí)形態(tài)》中,馬克思的人學(xué)思想是圍繞著“人是什么樣的人”而展開(kāi)論述的。人不是抽象的人,而是現(xiàn)實(shí)的人,現(xiàn)實(shí)的人是全部人類(lèi)歷史的第一個(gè)前提,也是馬克思人學(xué)理論的出發(fā)點(diǎn)。
(一 )“現(xiàn)實(shí)的人 ”的含 義
所謂“現(xiàn)實(shí)的人”,是指在一定社會(huì)關(guān)系中從事物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)的人。首先 ,“現(xiàn)實(shí)的人”是有血有肉、有生命的人。“全部人類(lèi)歷史的第一個(gè)前提無(wú)疑是有生命 的個(gè)人的存在。因此 ,第一個(gè)需要確認(rèn) 的事實(shí)就是這些個(gè)人的肉體組織以及由此產(chǎn)生的個(gè)人對(duì)其他自然的關(guān)系?!痹谶@里,馬克思從歷史前提的高度肯定了人的自然存在的意義。人首先是肉體的存在、自然的生命 ,正是這種特殊的自然生命又蘊(yùn)含著人類(lèi)全部歷史發(fā)展演變的基因。其次,“現(xiàn)實(shí)的人”是從事物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)的人——這是“現(xiàn)實(shí)的人”的最基本的規(guī)定性。人是從事活動(dòng)、進(jìn)行物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)的,因而是在一定的物質(zhì)的、不受他們?nèi)我庵涞慕缦蕖⑶疤岷蜅l件下活動(dòng)著的。人們的存在就是他們的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活過(guò)程。最后,“現(xiàn)實(shí)的人”是處于一定的社會(huì)關(guān)系和政治關(guān)系中的人,歷史發(fā)展過(guò)程中的物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)關(guān)系是現(xiàn)實(shí)的人的所有其它規(guī)定性的基礎(chǔ)。生產(chǎn)一方面表現(xiàn)為自然關(guān)系。另一方面是表現(xiàn)為社會(huì)關(guān)系。這就是說(shuō),在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中必然發(fā)生與一定的生產(chǎn)力相適應(yīng)的人與人之間的社會(huì)關(guān)系,并在此基礎(chǔ)上形成經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系、政治關(guān)系等等。
(二)“現(xiàn)實(shí)的人”的歷史作用
馬克思早期的人學(xué)理論最大的價(jià)值就在于它把實(shí)踐引入到歷史觀,去解決社會(huì)問(wèn)題和人的本質(zhì),奠定了人或人的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)在哲學(xué)中的核心位置,開(kāi)創(chuàng)了真正的人學(xué)理論,實(shí)現(xiàn)了哲學(xué)的偉大變革。
在《德意志意識(shí)形態(tài)》的論述中,馬克思把人當(dāng)作實(shí)踐的能動(dòng)的人來(lái)理解,就必然要承認(rèn)人的存在是全部歷史發(fā)展中的第一個(gè)前提。因?yàn)槿耸翘幵诂F(xiàn)實(shí)生活中,進(jìn)行現(xiàn)實(shí)的生命活動(dòng)的現(xiàn)實(shí)的人,即現(xiàn)實(shí)地存在著的實(shí)踐的個(gè)人,他從事的是人的實(shí)踐活動(dòng),而這種活動(dòng)必然在歷史的發(fā)展中起到重要的作用。首先,實(shí)踐活動(dòng)中現(xiàn)實(shí)的人的存在成為全部歷史發(fā)展的起點(diǎn)。一旦這種個(gè)人存在和活動(dòng)時(shí),即“一旦人們自己開(kāi)始生產(chǎn)他們所必需的生活資料的時(shí)候 …他們就開(kāi)始把自己和動(dòng)物區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)”“ 而成其為人,因而“任何歷史記載都應(yīng)當(dāng)從這些自然基礎(chǔ)以及他們?cè)跉v史進(jìn)程中由于人們的活動(dòng)而發(fā)生的變更出發(fā)”?!捌浯?,實(shí)踐活動(dòng)中現(xiàn)實(shí)的人的存在和生成演化出全部人類(lèi)歷史。個(gè)人生產(chǎn)生活資料 的方式在更大程度上是這些個(gè)人的一定的生活方式,以一定的方式進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)的個(gè)人,發(fā)生一定的社會(huì)關(guān) 系和政治關(guān)系,社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)和國(guó)家經(jīng)常從一定個(gè)人 的生活過(guò)程 中產(chǎn)生。由此演化 出全部人類(lèi)歷史。最后,實(shí)踐活動(dòng)中現(xiàn)實(shí)的人的存在產(chǎn)生和構(gòu)造出人類(lèi)的精神世界?!坝^念、思維、人們的精神交往在這里還是人們物質(zhì)關(guān)系的直接產(chǎn)物”?!叭藗兪亲约旱挠^念、思想等等的生產(chǎn)者,但這里所說(shuō)的人們是現(xiàn)實(shí)的、從事活動(dòng)的人們 ,……意識(shí)在任何時(shí)候都只能是被意識(shí)到了的存在,而人們的存在就是他們的實(shí)際生活過(guò)程?!?“ 由此可見(jiàn),個(gè)人,實(shí)踐活動(dòng)中現(xiàn)實(shí)的人的存在乃是全部人類(lèi)歷史活動(dòng)及其發(fā)展中第一性的東西 。
在《德意志意識(shí)形態(tài)》的論述中,馬克思不再像以往那樣,抽象地談人的類(lèi)存在,更不像 唯心論者那樣談?wù)撓胂笾械娜?,而是把人理解為“可用純粹?jīng)驗(yàn)的方法來(lái)確定”的“有生命的個(gè)人的存在”和“從事活動(dòng)的人們”,即“現(xiàn)實(shí)的人”。馬克思通過(guò)對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)人的理解 ,從宏觀的角度描述了總體性的實(shí)踐的歷史運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程 ,從而給人類(lèi)解放的理論提供了總體的基本說(shuō)明。《德意志意識(shí)形態(tài)》的人學(xué)理論是以唯物史觀為基礎(chǔ) ,他的形成是人類(lèi)思想史上的革命性變革,它實(shí)現(xiàn)了從唯心主義人本學(xué)到唯物主義人學(xué)的根本轉(zhuǎn)變,實(shí)現(xiàn)了人學(xué)研究對(duì)象的根本變革。
馬克思的人學(xué)理論以“現(xiàn)實(shí)的人”為出發(fā)點(diǎn),把“現(xiàn)實(shí)的人”當(dāng)作歷史的主體。在他早期的著作中對(duì)“現(xiàn)實(shí)的人”論述把人從思辨抽象性的人和自然性的人中解放 出來(lái) ,真正賦予了人 以現(xiàn)實(shí)本性 ,實(shí)現(xiàn)了人本質(zhì)的復(fù)歸?,F(xiàn)實(shí)人的理論是馬克思早期哲學(xué)的中心點(diǎn) ,把握這一點(diǎn) ,就理解了馬克思哲學(xué)革命的實(shí)質(zhì)。
參考文獻(xiàn)
關(guān)鍵詞:固體廢棄物;新興產(chǎn)業(yè);以廢治廢;資源化利用
馬鞍山慈湖高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)在馬鞍山生態(tài)市建設(shè)中發(fā)揮著舉足輕重的作用,農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)每年產(chǎn)生大量的秸稈廢棄物,秸稈固化燃料產(chǎn)業(yè)的原料非常豐富,農(nóng)業(yè)秸稈燃料規(guī)?;卯a(chǎn)業(yè)亟待發(fā)展。同時(shí),工業(yè)固體廢棄物鈦石膏生產(chǎn)水泥緩凝劑的干化處理過(guò)程需大量的煤炭、天然氣等燃料提供熱量,利用秸稈替代化石燃料,發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)固廢處理工業(yè)固廢的新興產(chǎn)業(yè),符合國(guó)家對(duì)生物質(zhì)能源開(kāi)發(fā)利用和節(jié)約資源、保護(hù)環(huán)境的政策,潛藏著巨大的商機(jī)。
一、農(nóng)業(yè)秸稈固廢綜合利用產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展?jié)摿?/p>
農(nóng)作物秸稈是生物質(zhì)燃料,已成為僅次于煤炭、石油、天然氣的第四大能源,是清潔的可再生能源。2013年,馬鞍山各類(lèi)農(nóng)作物秸稈產(chǎn)生總量為150.9萬(wàn)噸,綜合利用量85萬(wàn)噸,綜合利用率56.3%,其中,還田占21.3%,能源化利用占25.3%。在國(guó)家和地方各級(jí)政府的積極推動(dòng)下,馬鞍山市秸稈綜合利用產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展迅速,一批秸稈直燃發(fā)電、秸稈固化成型燃料、秸稈人造板、秸稈沼氣、秸稈氣化等項(xiàng)目陸續(xù)上馬。其中,秸稈固化成型燃料工藝簡(jiǎn)單,農(nóng)業(yè)秸稈被粉碎后,機(jī)械壓制成顆粒狀或者棒(塊)狀,比重增大、體積便小,儲(chǔ)存和運(yùn)輸方便,熱值可達(dá)3200千卡-5500千卡/公斤,可有效替代原煤、天然氣等化石燃料,用于取暖、爐灶、鍋爐、發(fā)電等。
發(fā)展秸稈固化成型燃料產(chǎn)業(yè)前景看好,假如每年處理利用30萬(wàn)噸秸稈(相當(dāng)于15萬(wàn)噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤),將使馬鞍山的秸稈綜合利用率從56.3%提高到76.2%,提升近20個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。相比燃煤,秸稈燃料可減少70%的CO2排放、90%的SO2排放,環(huán)境效益顯著。安徽省政府對(duì)農(nóng)作物秸稈利用企業(yè)進(jìn)行專(zhuān)項(xiàng)財(cái)政獎(jiǎng)補(bǔ),利用水稻、小麥、其它農(nóng)作物秸稈每噸分別補(bǔ)貼50元、40元、30元,馬鞍山市政府也制定了系列財(cái)政獎(jiǎng)補(bǔ)政策,對(duì)秸稈壓塊機(jī)、破碎機(jī)、打包機(jī)等設(shè)備購(gòu)置給予一次性補(bǔ)貼,對(duì)場(chǎng)地征用、架設(shè)電力線(xiàn)路等費(fèi)用給予補(bǔ)貼,對(duì)企業(yè)實(shí)行稅費(fèi)減免等。每畝農(nóng)田夏秋兩季產(chǎn)生秸稈約1噸,收購(gòu)價(jià)格為0.08元/斤,每畝增加收入160元,即解決了秸稈堆放問(wèn)題又創(chuàng)造了經(jīng)濟(jì)效益??傮w看,馬鞍山市秸稈規(guī)?;?、工業(yè)化、多元化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展格局已初現(xiàn)端倪,產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈逐步豐富。
二、工業(yè)鈦石膏固廢綜合利用產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展?jié)摿?/p>
慈湖高新區(qū)的安徽金星鈦白(集團(tuán))有限公司是國(guó)內(nèi)最大的鈦白粉生產(chǎn)企業(yè)之一,采用硫酸法生產(chǎn)鈦白粉,2014年,預(yù)計(jì)副產(chǎn)鈦石膏150萬(wàn)噸(含水率40%-45%),公司為每噸鈦石膏支付20元左右的處理費(fèi)用,泥狀鈦石膏大部分被堆放處置,資源化利用率較低,已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)?shù)毓I(yè)固廢處置的難題。馬鞍山鈦石膏歷史堆放量較大,粗略估計(jì)有360萬(wàn)噸以上。鈦石膏的大量排放即占用土地、污染環(huán)境又給企業(yè)帶來(lái)了繁重的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),鈦石膏的資源化利用已經(jīng)成為鈦白粉產(chǎn)業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。“十二五”末期,我國(guó)鈦石膏產(chǎn)生量將達(dá)2000萬(wàn)噸-3000萬(wàn)噸/年,目前,鈦石膏綜合利用產(chǎn)業(yè)處于起步階段,僅有少量用于復(fù)合膠結(jié)材料和外加劑,發(fā)展鈦石膏綜合利用產(chǎn)業(yè),空間廣闊。2014年,國(guó)家有關(guān)部委將出臺(tái)《鈦白粉行業(yè)準(zhǔn)入條件(修訂版)》和《鈦白粉工業(yè)污染防治技術(shù)政策》,將在清潔生產(chǎn)、大氣污染防治、水污染防治、固體廢物處置及綜合利用等方面提出要求。
鈦石膏可以替代天然石膏用于生產(chǎn)水泥緩凝劑、石膏板、石膏砌塊、紙面石膏板、粉刷石膏、石膏膩?zhàn)印⑹嗑ы?、高?qiáng)石膏等,其中生產(chǎn)水泥緩凝劑的工藝最為簡(jiǎn)單,且產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)需求量巨大,可迅速破解鈦石膏綜合利用難題。慈湖高新區(qū)在建設(shè)國(guó)家級(jí)資源綜合利用示范區(qū)和國(guó)家級(jí)園區(qū)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)示范區(qū)的過(guò)程中,將實(shí)施一系列鼓勵(lì)政策,引進(jìn)一批鈦石膏利用項(xiàng)目。將泥狀鈦石膏晾曬風(fēng)干,使含水率從40%-45%降至30%,再烘干至15%-20%,可直接作為水泥緩凝劑。2013年,馬鞍山市水泥產(chǎn)量為1364.19萬(wàn)噸,用鈦石膏作水泥緩凝劑,摻入量為4%-7%,可消納鈦石膏54.57%-95.49萬(wàn)噸,用做水泥緩凝劑的鈦石膏市場(chǎng)價(jià)格為50元-80元/噸,經(jīng)濟(jì)效益明顯。我國(guó)天然石膏資源儲(chǔ)量相對(duì)不足,開(kāi)發(fā)利用工業(yè)副產(chǎn)品石膏意義重大。隨著資源綜合利用產(chǎn)業(yè)共性關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的突破,鈦石膏干化處理成本將進(jìn)一步降低,鈦石膏資源化利用產(chǎn)業(yè)將向多元化方向發(fā)展。
三、產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展客觀條件完備
馬鞍山市位于安徽省最東部,是安徽省融入長(zhǎng)三角、推進(jìn)東向發(fā)展和承接長(zhǎng)三角城市向內(nèi)地延伸的重要門(mén)戶(hù),享有“長(zhǎng)三角發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略”、“長(zhǎng)江經(jīng)濟(jì)帶發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略”、“中部崛起戰(zhàn)略”和“皖江城市帶戰(zhàn)略”四輪戰(zhàn)略驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)遇。2013年3月,被國(guó)務(wù)院定位為老工業(yè)基地,同年12月被國(guó)務(wù)院列入資源型城市名單,成為資源型城市轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式的先行區(qū),目前,正致力于推進(jìn)老工業(yè)城市調(diào)整改造、轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)。馬鞍山市的陸路、水路、航空交通發(fā)達(dá),水、電、天然氣、蒸汽資源豐富,公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、服務(wù)設(shè)施完備,已全面啟動(dòng)建設(shè)產(chǎn)業(yè)廢物資源化利用科技支撐體系、政產(chǎn)學(xué)研用相結(jié)合的工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新體系和信息技術(shù)服務(wù)平臺(tái)等。隨著《馬鞍山生態(tài)市創(chuàng)建行動(dòng)計(jì)劃(2014-2020年)》的實(shí)施,現(xiàn)有工業(yè)體系將加快產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí),循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)和資源綜合利用產(chǎn)業(yè)將面臨重大發(fā)展機(jī)遇。
剛好本期的主題是偉大的旅程,只有少數(shù)性能車(chē)是為了這段漫長(zhǎng)的旅程而特別設(shè)計(jì)的。我們首先將全新問(wèn)世的阿斯頓?馬丁 DB11和近似于完美的賓利歐陸GT Speed來(lái)對(duì)比,鑒于DB11是阿斯頓?馬丁極其重要的車(chē)型,它真的需要在這次比賽中擊敗對(duì)手,樹(shù)立威信。
此外,我們還駕駛了敞篷版的捷豹F-Type SVR 和賓利飛馳V8 S,兩款車(chē)出色的操控表現(xiàn)都為我們留下了深刻印象。
讓我們先從賓利開(kāi)始吧,起初它表現(xiàn)得很好。這輛從賓利設(shè)計(jì)總監(jiān)Dirk Van Braeckel于2003年的設(shè)計(jì)中進(jìn)化而來(lái)的車(chē)非常優(yōu)美,靠近它,打開(kāi)車(chē)門(mén),輕撫晶瑩剔透的油漆,感受配有雙層玻璃的車(chē)門(mén),這都是一件非常美好的事情。內(nèi)飾設(shè)計(jì)非常豪華,表現(xiàn)出了賓利應(yīng)有的水準(zhǔn)。然而,信息娛樂(lè)系統(tǒng)在顯示和操作便利性方面表現(xiàn)得很差,已明顯過(guò)時(shí)。
啟動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),你能聽(tīng)到轟……的一聲,遙遠(yuǎn)而冷漠。事實(shí)證明,這一特征成為了賓利作為一個(gè)整體不可或缺的一部分。當(dāng)你起步時(shí),會(huì)立刻發(fā)現(xiàn)這臺(tái)W12雙渦輪增壓發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的強(qiáng)大,甚至有些野蠻,但其精細(xì)的動(dòng)力調(diào)校卻又在鼓勵(lì)你將它推至極限的邊緣,延伸至變速器的每一個(gè)齒輪上。這是一輛表現(xiàn)狂野的車(chē),實(shí)際上也是賓利迄今為止時(shí)速最快的車(chē)。從0~160km/h加速時(shí)間僅9s,最高時(shí)速是332km/h。與來(lái)自ZF的8擋自動(dòng)變速器和4/6的四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)配合,使得來(lái)自W12的472kW最大功率和840Nm的最大扭矩得到良好釋放。
另一方面,賓利歐陸GT Speed的操控性表現(xiàn)過(guò)于驚人,由此它不希望駕駛者總是游走于輪胎抓地力極限的邊緣,而忽略了底盤(pán)的動(dòng)態(tài)表現(xiàn)??梢哉f(shuō),這個(gè)極限超出你的想象,即便這是一輛超過(guò)2t,在較硬的空氣懸架上產(chǎn)生的敏捷。然而,現(xiàn)實(shí)是駕駛它的人很少?lài)L試發(fā)現(xiàn)這種極限,更多的是享受歐陸“四平八穩(wěn)”的駕駛風(fēng)格。
這真的是一輛無(wú)與倫比的GT跑車(chē)。舒適模式是最佳的駕駛方式,但是明顯的側(cè)傾會(huì)束縛激烈駕駛。幸運(yùn)的是,另外3種模式可以讓你感受到GT Speed降低10mm的車(chē)身、增加15%的前輪外傾角及強(qiáng)化的防側(cè)傾桿所帶來(lái)的好處。隨著駕駛模式的逐漸升級(jí),底盤(pán)多余的側(cè)傾被抑制了,車(chē)身姿態(tài)得到了改善,但駕駛感仍然偏向舒適。由于很少或根本沒(méi)有噪聲的出現(xiàn),最強(qiáng)烈的運(yùn)動(dòng)模式應(yīng)該被稱(chēng)為“GT+”。
此外,賓利出色的操控表現(xiàn)也滲透至駕駛艙內(nèi),手感出色的換擋撥片讓每一次的簡(jiǎn)單操作都變得令人沉醉。并且,正如同手動(dòng)變速器一樣,通過(guò)鎖定擋位來(lái)維持穩(wěn)定的扭矩輸出以便獲得持久的推背感。同時(shí),你還能驚喜地發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)正唱著不加修飾的歌聲沖向轉(zhuǎn)速的紅線(xiàn)。不過(guò),這似乎缺少了些什么,嗯,排氣聲表現(xiàn)得溫文爾雅,不是特別震撼。
液壓轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)和制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的操控特性保持一致,每一次的操作都需要深思熟慮,好在力矩反饋得恰到好處,即使整體偏向溫柔,也不會(huì)讓駕駛者覺(jué)得索然無(wú)味。
所以整體來(lái)說(shuō)GT Speed表現(xiàn)出色,做工精細(xì),動(dòng)力強(qiáng)勁、行駛平穩(wěn),而且聞起來(lái)也很香。但是,你仍然覺(jué)得它只是給予了駕駛者所有權(quán)而非掌控權(quán),這也就意味著我們?yōu)榘⑺诡D?馬丁得到“最佳GT”的頭銜找到了一個(gè)充分的理由??闪钊梭@訝的是,更趨向于駕駛操控性的DB11卻沒(méi)有完全打敗歐陸GT Speed。
阿斯頓?馬丁最新車(chē)型在設(shè)計(jì)上相比于賓利展現(xiàn)了出了更多的激情。身形如同飛鏢而非錘子,看起來(lái)永遠(yuǎn)像是在沖向靶心。車(chē)身?yè)碛型昝赖目諝鈩?dòng)力學(xué)設(shè)計(jì),前輪輪眉兩側(cè)有通風(fēng)孔可以供空氣流動(dòng),這是為了減少氣流對(duì)車(chē)輛前部的升力;C柱兩側(cè)也有通風(fēng)道直供后尾翼,形成虛擬尾翼效果,而虛擬尾翼應(yīng)該是超跑的設(shè)計(jì)方向,可以說(shuō)阿斯頓?馬丁已捷足先登。
隱藏在DB11外表下的內(nèi)部做工,也同樣令人印象深刻。抬起巨大的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)蓋(汽車(chē)工業(yè)中最大的單體鋁制沖壓件),你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)微之處做工精細(xì)且排列整齊。甚至是在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)蓋板的隔熱棉下面出現(xiàn)了手工真皮絎縫的技法。
c之相比,最不值得一提的就是懸浮式車(chē)頂設(shè)計(jì)了,或許阿斯頓的設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)會(huì)不高興,可現(xiàn)實(shí)就是連沃克斯豪爾Astra(別克威朗)和現(xiàn)代i20都出現(xiàn)了類(lèi)似的特征。
DB11的內(nèi)飾設(shè)計(jì)相比于外觀創(chuàng)造出了更大轟動(dòng),這主要得益于阿斯頓?馬丁與梅賽德斯元素的交融。盡管這場(chǎng)聯(lián)姻看起來(lái)很成功,但還是有許多人認(rèn)為過(guò)寬的“瀑布”造型中控臺(tái)并不符合整體設(shè)計(jì)主題(我也這么認(rèn)為)。座椅和車(chē)頂采用了相同的真皮材質(zhì)和縫制工藝,甚至連縫線(xiàn)圖案都一樣,讓人感到驚艷。方向盤(pán)的人機(jī)工程學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)出眾,配合相比賓利更低的坐姿,駕馭感十足。
隨著空洞的轟鳴聲響起,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)被啟動(dòng)了,特有的聲音使我們沒(méi)有理由不相信這是阿斯頓?馬丁自己的V12發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),即便搭載了兩臺(tái)渦輪增壓器。與賓利的W12相比更直接、更加狂野。當(dāng)然,也同樣精密??墒牵?dāng)你坐進(jìn)車(chē)內(nèi),會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)路人能夠比你更多地體會(huì)到V12帶來(lái)的樂(lè)章。在外面,DB11的聲音聽(tīng)起來(lái)比在車(chē)內(nèi)更像是賽車(chē),我們希望這種聲音能夠讓駕駛者聽(tīng)到得更多一些。
隨著車(chē)輛的前行,舒適且線(xiàn)性的電子轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)比賓利給予的路面反饋更多,或許這樣做影響了舒適性。要知道只有當(dāng)前輪處于抓地力的邊緣時(shí),你才希望它們變得喋喋不休。懸架系統(tǒng)堪稱(chēng)完美,高速表現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定,且過(guò)彎時(shí)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)重心的快速轉(zhuǎn)移,配合精準(zhǔn)的轉(zhuǎn)向指向性,沒(méi)有任何拖沓之感。
對(duì)于后輪的評(píng)價(jià)也很高。DB11搭載了機(jī)械式防滑差速器和扭矩控制系統(tǒng)(通過(guò)剎車(chē)實(shí)現(xiàn)),增加了駕駛樂(lè)趣。車(chē)輛前部與后部的表現(xiàn)非常統(tǒng)一。隨著彎角的增大,轉(zhuǎn)向角度由小變大始終保持著精準(zhǔn)和線(xiàn)性。以至于使你能夠時(shí)刻保持高漲的駕駛欲望。
DB11的扭矩控制系統(tǒng)主要作用是為了抑制前輪抓地力突破極限時(shí)所造成的轉(zhuǎn)向不足,我打賭其效果至少與四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的賓利一樣厲害。但是,你不會(huì)在非鋪裝道路上去冒險(xiǎn)嘗試,你將無(wú)法駕駛DB11正常行駛,所以你必須知道為什么,因?yàn)槌颂岣卟倏匦裕ぞ乜刂葡到y(tǒng)并不是萬(wàn)能的。
當(dāng)我們上次駕駛DB11馳騁在托斯卡納時(shí),平整的柏油路帶給我們一段舒適的旅程。但這次不同。英國(guó)的道路比較糟糕,DB11沒(méi)有像賓利處理得那么好。這不是說(shuō)阿斯頓的操控性不好,它很好。但是它的輕盈、長(zhǎng)途旅行感覺(jué)更適合在起伏的山路或平坦的柏油路面上優(yōu)雅、快速地前行,而不是在英國(guó)鄉(xiāng)間的石板路上,而賓利,你知道,它會(huì)輕松地將石塊碾碎在土里。
值得注意的是,無(wú)論你選擇GT、Sport或Sport+模式,DB11的懸架和變速器都能保持一致性。即便運(yùn)動(dòng)始終是這輛車(chē)的訴求,但是其運(yùn)動(dòng)性只是在小幅度地遞增。這是故意設(shè)計(jì)的嗎?的確,因?yàn)榘⑺诡D?馬丁不想在不同模式下做出太大差別。DB11的潛在車(chē)主,有可能也是賓利的車(chē)主,他們只是喜歡有限度地多一點(diǎn)駕馭樂(lè)趣,而舒適性絕不能丟。
不過(guò),DB11提供了極富個(gè)性的駕駛模式選擇方式,你可以把原本是獨(dú)立可選的動(dòng)力模式和懸架模式的設(shè)置結(jié)合起來(lái)。例如,選GT模式的懸架和Sport+模式的動(dòng)力,便形成了具有強(qiáng)勁動(dòng)力且讓人倍感舒適的駕駛感受,特別適用于路況較差的路面。
447kW的V12雙渦輪增壓發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是個(gè)寶。動(dòng)力輸出流暢、鏗鏘有力,并且反應(yīng)靈敏。千萬(wàn)不要被賓利的大功率和扭矩所迷惑(它有25kW和141Nm的優(yōu)勢(shì)),畢竟DB11較低的車(chē)輛自重有著更佳的功率重量比。
如果出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題,我們寧愿在轉(zhuǎn)速范圍內(nèi)增加一點(diǎn)扭矩輸出,因?yàn)樵谳^差路況下,你可以時(shí)常感覺(jué)到后輪被牽引力控制所束縛,但總的來(lái)說(shuō)阿斯頓?馬丁的第一輛雙渦輪增壓車(chē)型的表現(xiàn)是很出色的。
現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始總結(jié)。試駕兩輛車(chē)的這一周里,在各種條件下駕駛,包括在蜿蜒的山路上度過(guò)美好的一天,很顯然比起大型12缸的GT Speed,駕駛者更愿意x擇DB11。但是,賓利在這場(chǎng)對(duì)決中有著預(yù)期的良好表現(xiàn)。GT Speed始終處在GT跑車(chē)的最高水準(zhǔn),強(qiáng)大的動(dòng)力隨時(shí)恭候著駕駛者以備不時(shí)之需。其出色的性能建立起的強(qiáng)大自信始終感染著每一位駕駛者,讓你知道它是你最親密、最可靠的伙伴。
但是當(dāng)我們想有多一點(diǎn)兒樂(lè)趣時(shí),我們已經(jīng)有了另一位朋友,那就是DB11。它雖不能與GT Speed的總體極致或是不屈服的感覺(jué)所媲美,但是它可以憑借更出眾的操縱性博得青睞,并予以回?fù)簟?/p>
Key words:course book evaluation business English
1 Introduction
There are different sets of criteria for the evaluation of business English materials, but they could be categorized into the following five broad issues upon which we base our judgments as to what makes a set of good and appropriate materials. They are: learners, learning, language, teachability and "authenticity". There could be many and varied questions pondered upon in examining our course books and materials surrounding the broad issues, especially the first three ones. For the first issue of learners, we will ask questions like " who are the intended learners for the materials?", "Are the material suitable for this group of learners as the writer claims?". That means we should take into consideration learners' levels, needs, knowledge, cultural background, age and so on. The second issue concerned with material is writers' theories, hypothesis about learning and teaching. In identifying if the materials are desirable or not, we could ask: what attitudes to or expectations about learning English are the materials based on? What learning and teaching techniques can be used with the materials? Does the organization of the units or the content within a unit facilitate the teaching and learning process? Do the activities encourage skill mastery? In terms of the third issue――language, we can look at the range of language and areas covered in the materials and especially examine the writers' assumption about language description. In my analysis of the course book First insights into Business English by Sue Robbins1 ( 2000 ), I intend to give brief yet comprehensive evaluation of the whole course book and a detailed analysis of some individual units all based on criteria surrounding these three principal issues. The three main issues are, to a great extent, related to one another.
2 Targeted Learners and Material Appropriateness
The question raised here is whether the book provides the targeted learners suitable and appropriate materials as a whole. In the introduction part, the book claims it is "a course for students of business English at pre-intermediate to intermediate level." The book, in fact, is suitable in terms of language and most of the subject matter for pre-experience learners of business English who have no company experience and yet who have this level of English and limited knowledge of business related topics. The language focus in the book is on relatively simple language points: from simple present tenses to present perfect, from verb forms to pronunciation such as linkage, sentence stress and weak forms. The range and level of lexical items dealt with are also relevant to the needs and levels of the learners. Although some authentic material presents the learners with some difficult points, but the tasks are made easy to handle. The subject matter areas are concerned with general business contexts possibly related to their future business needs. There are topics of broad range, such as customers, companies, retailing, finance, etc., to name a few. Along with these topics, important communicative skills required in their jobs are presented and practice. The four basic language skills of writing, speaking, reading and listening are practiced through concrete tasks in business contexts: for example, report and CV writing, giving business advice, presenting products, interviewing, reading company profiles, listening to financial details of a company's profit and loss. More in-depth look will be given in the following paragraphs.
3 Organization of the Material
Then, the second question needs addressing is to what extent the organization the book meets both the learning needs and teaching needs. The organization of the content throughout the book is clear, systematic and coherent. The book helps learners to study on their own with table of contents clearly stated and laid out on the first page categorizing the language areas and the skills and topics areas. Learners are further assisted in their self-study with communicative activities, grammar reference, word list and tape scripts included in the students' book at the end. There is a review unit after every three units to help learners to test and consolidate what is learned in the previous three units and the teacher can use the unit to test out both the learners' performance in their learning process as well as the teaching effectiveness.
The twelve units are presented by a combination of the means: each unit deals with a different topic covering related business content, some aspect of language structures and content related vocabulary and skills areas. Each unit has the same key elements: key vocabulary, lead-in, language focus and practice, pronunciation, writing, reading, listening, vocabulary, cross-cultural comparison, business communication and final task. This offers readers opportunity to select their own preferred units for their own respective purposes and clear ideas about the objectives of each section of the lesson and the tasks. It also gives one a sense of progression and achievement.
The sequence of the book is arranged according to the degree of difficulty in the structures mainly, with some consideration to the levels of difficulty in language and communication skill. Through comparing the language aspect of unit one with that in unit eleven, the reader can see this kind of endeavor by the text author. In unit one for example, the language focus is on direct question and indirect questions forms and how to pronounce weak and strong forms of /dje/ and /du:/ while unit eleven has its focus on conditional sentences which is more complicated in structure.
4 Meeting the General Criteria of Course Design
The third issue needs addressing here is: how far does the book meet the general standard of course design within its units? The overall structure within the units follows similar patterns and includes all the main elements mentioned above. The organization of the elements is coherent and thus facilitates language learning and teaching. Besides, the exercises and readings evolve around a fixed theme and grammatical structures. The comprehensive coverage of language points and theme- related materials and communicative skills well prepare business students for their future career in business. The basic approach to the language learning in the design of the exercises is communicative, task-based and learner-centered, although the core syllabus is structural which stresses the rules of grammar, vocabulary and sentence structure.
Each unit begins with a brief preview of the main sections, which practically serve as statement of objectives for the lesson. This helps to guide the teacher and learner towards these objectives through their lesson. "Key vocabulary" first gives information in a short reading passage on the unit topic in which important vocabulary related to the theme is printed in bold to assist the learner. In this way, learners are exposed to both the subject area and lexical items. The passages in the units are concise and pitched at the right language level and informative in business content. "Leadin" precedes "cross -culture comparison". Each unit is slightly different for the tasks in "lead- in". It usually has reading material covering the theme of the unit and the tasks require the use of the relevant vocabulary learned in the previous reading. The section aims to increase learners' interest in the topic and their knowledge in the areas of language and content. "Cross -cultural comparison" reflects the acknowledgement of different learners' personal experience and cultural background. Moreover, it provides good opportunities to practice their communicative skills in the exchange of opinions among learners. "Language focus", as stated in its teacher's book, "follows a grammatical syllabus chosen especially to suit the needs of pre-intermediate to intermediate students" (Robbins 2000:7). It presents in every unit grammatical points in topic related business contexts. The writer's assumption about language learning is obvious here: the mastery of basic grammatical rules is a prerequisite for further progress in business English learning. The tasks in this part often require the practice of grammar in the context of communicative activities. Information gap filling and discussion are the most common types in the units. This enables learners to practice and learn grammar by active interaction with content-based materials and interesting tasks. "Pronunciation practice" is matched to the theme with related vocabulary and sentences. This in effect recycles the key vocabulary. If this part used the short reading passage in the "key vocabulary section, it would be a better review and recycling of the content and language. What is worth recommending here is its use of inductive approach to presenting grammar? After the presentation of the grammar in the readings and tasks, students are asked to deduce grammar rules from the presentation. This encourages learners to be active thinkers and responsible for their learning, instead of being passive receivers of formulas and rules from the teachers. There are "grammar reference' on page 150 in the students' book. In "language practice' section, the learned structures are practiced in business content again. The guided practice tasks are followed by less controlled communicative and contentbased ones. The other sections are "writing", "reading", "listening". They are not always presented in exactly the same order and length. The wiring is progressed gradually according to learners' language level, starting from simple tasks in unit one of identifying and using correct articles to the wholesome task of writing curriculum vitae for a job in the final unit. Authentic material is given in "reading" and "listening" to prepare learners for tackling similar readings and listening in their career. They cover relevant content areas and language points, but a little above the level of pre-intermediate to intermediate learners. The writer's choice of authentic, relatively difficult material enables learners to develop effective strategies such as guessing and deducing from context, neglecting unimportant words, applying existing knowledge, etc. The "vocabulary" section usually takes a systematic look at the formation of words, collocation, synonyms, compounds nouns and adjectives. Again, it is quite suitable for learners at this language level.
"Business communication" and "final task" are designed to let learners apply their comprehensive language competence and knowledge of business acquired in the units to practical business tasks. The tasks are mostly in oral form, such as presenting information, interviewing. This offers opportunity for "recycling" of the skills and language points learned and test both teachers and students their achievement and performance.
A detailed look at some aspects in unit two is necessary to see the writer's attitudes and approaches towards language learning and teaching methodology.
Unit two "company", like the other units, develops around the business related topics as indicated by the title. It begins with a brief overview of the four main sections as a clear guidance to the content to be presented. Then "key vocabulary" presents a short passage, which is a simple definition of companies in general. The passage together with a taped version of the passage not only introduces the company theme of the unit, but also the key lexical items such as "buying", "selling", "marketing", information technology", "telecommunications". They will be used for the immediate tasks. As could be seen form the material, the writer uses simple vocabulary at this stage. The "lead-in" next stimulates the learners' interest in the topic and language itself with concrete tasks. The identification of the three famous companies in the photos leads to the activity of matching the correct company logo with its business activities. The task is easy but provides enough information and fun. The third part of "lead-in" demands group work to discuss answers to the questions concerning big companies like Coco- Cola and BMW. At this stage, learners' interest may well be aroused and through the interactions with classmates, they can use the vocabulary just learned in the short passage. What's more, their knowledge of the business can be tested. The companies introduced here are famous and influential businesses in the world which ensures the content is of value and interest to students.
The "language focus" in the book all introduces grammar suitable to this level of learners. This unit is about presenting simple and present continuous tenses. The advertisement is used as a context to practice reading comprehension, increase awareness of the correct structures and provide business information. The material is explored to the full by setting up both oral task and gap-filling tasks. After completing the tasks, learners are asked to answer questions related to grammatical rules in business situations. At page bottom, learners are clearly guided to the grammar reference page. This, as stated above, reflects the advocacy of autonomous learning. The language practice part first presents two pictures relating to two businesses: one is pharmaceutical company and the other is cable operator. Vocabulary is given at this point to assist learners to decide "what does each company do". Then they listen to a business analyst who gives information about the companies. They are to fill in the table using present simple and present continuous structures and vocabulary related to the unit. There listening and writing skills are integrated. The reading skill is practice in the next section. The text is an advertisement of Financial Times Group's business graduate trainee program. The authentic nature of the material is rather a challenge for learners of this level. But the tasks are graded from easy to difficult, from guided and controlled to less controlled and open-ended. The first set of questions is made easy by focusing on the comprehension of the main ideas. Then they are followed by questions testing the comprehension of chief points. The realistic approach to the material itself and to the tasks helps the learners to be close to real work situations and build up learners' confidence. The business communication part involves more integrated skills tasks. In task one, learners are asked to look at a chart of LVMH and answer the questions requiring the use of the grammar just covered. Then they check their work by listening to the tape. Task two proceeds naturally form the previous part, because learners are required to listen to the presentation from the text on LVMH and mark the stressed syllables. Part three forms a coherent part of the whole unit by looking at the company sectors of Edizione Holding and Sony. The exercises are made to resemble real life task by using information gap-filling in pairs. Learners have to look for missing information through using their English in reading, writing, speaking and listening. "Final task" sums up the learning and taps the language and skills learned in the unit and the previous one by asking learners to make presentation on one of the companies. Its checklist reviews both the language points and knowledge of companies.
5 Conclusion
First Insight into Business English is a desirable course book for pre-intermediate to intermediate business English learners. Its strength lies in its clear, logical and coherent organization of content; its comprehensive coverage of materials and skills. The book is also evident in its communicative approach to language learning and teaching. It stands out for its natural integration of structural syllabus with content and task-oriented pedagogies,its cross-cultural awareness, its real life authenticity of materials and step-by step supportive approaches to tasks in terms of degree of difficulty in language and content both inside units and throughout the course, its encouragement of active learning and appropriateness to the level and needs of the learners. The only suggestion for improvement here would be that the teachers' notes be more detailed to assist less experienced teachers to teach the course, and some video materials be provided to further enrich the classroom learning and consolidate the related business concepts.
References:
[1]Ellis, M and Johnson C.Teaching Business English, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1994.
[2]Hutchingson, T and Waters A . English for Specific Purposes, Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge,1987.
[3]Reed B and Nolan S .‘ Survey review: two series of Business English materials, ELT Journal,1994,51(4):383-397.
3月17日―18日,在華菱星馬汽車(chē)集團(tuán)2014年商務(wù)大會(huì)召開(kāi)期間,該公司董事長(zhǎng)劉漢如在談到公司的發(fā)展歷程時(shí)說(shuō):“華菱星馬品牌是在比較艱苦的環(huán)境中發(fā)展起來(lái)的,從上市到發(fā)展自主品牌,我們是步步為營(yíng),也步步驚心。雖然艱難,但我們沒(méi)有放棄,仍然堅(jiān)持一條路,那就是專(zhuān)心致志發(fā)展商用汽車(chē),這也是我們快速發(fā)展的原因。在近幾年,公司狠抓基礎(chǔ)管理,去年迎來(lái)恢復(fù)性的增長(zhǎng),整體市場(chǎng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了50%以上的平均增速,公司軟實(shí)力也獲得巨大提升。在產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量方面,華菱公司獲得安徽省最高質(zhì)量獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)――省政府質(zhì)量獎(jiǎng);在產(chǎn)品出口方面,我們的市場(chǎng)也迎來(lái)恢復(fù)性增長(zhǎng),重點(diǎn)市場(chǎng)板塊得以鞏固,出口車(chē)型也不再單一,同時(shí),我們的海外認(rèn)證工作都在穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)并取得了不錯(cuò)的成效,公司‘出口免驗(yàn)’資格獲國(guó)家質(zhì)檢總局批準(zhǔn),成為去年馬鞍山市唯一一家獲出口免驗(yàn)的重卡企業(yè)。在產(chǎn)品技術(shù)方面,我們的星凱馬系列產(chǎn)品榮獲安徽省科學(xué)技術(shù)一等獎(jiǎng),體現(xiàn)了產(chǎn)品技術(shù)含量和質(zhì)量水準(zhǔn)。在新產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)推廣方面,我們的漢馬動(dòng)力、天然氣產(chǎn)品在全國(guó)遍地開(kāi)花,得到廣大用戶(hù)的稱(chēng)贊和認(rèn)可。”
經(jīng)歷了4年時(shí)間的市場(chǎng)錘煉和漢馬動(dòng)力實(shí)現(xiàn)裝車(chē)以后,星凱馬的優(yōu)越性正逐步顯露出來(lái)。
一匹駿馬橫空出世
華菱汽車(chē)從做車(chē)輛改裝起家,2002年開(kāi)始組建重型車(chē)輛廠(chǎng)并于2004年正式投產(chǎn),在進(jìn)行第一代車(chē)型研發(fā)時(shí)曾有意與日本三菱公司合作搞技術(shù)引進(jìn),但就在雙方的合作基本成形之時(shí),奔馳突然宣布收購(gòu)三菱,致使華菱與三菱的合作項(xiàng)目被擱置,“就這樣,華菱歪打正著地走上了自主研發(fā)之路,現(xiàn)在,國(guó)內(nèi)重卡市場(chǎng)上只有解放、陜汽和華菱仍在堅(jiān)持自主發(fā)展,肩扛著民族重卡品牌的大旗?!?/p>
2008年底,華菱決定開(kāi)發(fā)第二代重卡車(chē)型,當(dāng)時(shí)中國(guó)的重卡市場(chǎng)上歐系重卡最受用戶(hù)歡迎,因此,華菱決定以歐系車(chē)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作為研發(fā)目標(biāo)??傇O(shè)計(jì)師白云志參與了星凱馬車(chē)型開(kāi)發(fā)的全部過(guò)程,他告訴記者:“星凱馬對(duì)標(biāo)歐系車(chē)型,主要從標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方面靠攏,歐盟的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是全世界最嚴(yán)格的,以這樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定位該車(chē)型的開(kāi)發(fā),起點(diǎn)就很高?!?/p>
為了將星凱馬打造成一匹駿馬,華菱聘請(qǐng)意大利已有近百年的歷史的著名的設(shè)計(jì)公司――博通對(duì)該車(chē)型進(jìn)行造型設(shè)計(jì)。
那段時(shí)間,劉漢如不止一次帶領(lǐng)公司研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)遠(yuǎn)赴意大利,與博通公司的設(shè)計(jì)師一同商議星凱馬的造型并提出了具體要求:既要兼顧中國(guó)人的審美習(xí)慣,又要體現(xiàn)出歐洲重卡的粗獷、有力和現(xiàn)代元素。據(jù)白云志回憶,博通公司共提交了二三十張效果圖,“我們從其中先挑選出一種風(fēng)格,再經(jīng)過(guò)了幾輪篩選和修改之后得出了最終現(xiàn)在這個(gè)造型,滿(mǎn)足了華菱最初的要求。例如,它側(cè)面的弧線(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì),體現(xiàn)的是圓滿(mǎn)的含義,使駕駛室具備了流線(xiàn)型的動(dòng)感,又不失其婉約的一面?!睘榱耸惯@款車(chē)型最大程度上貼近歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn),華菱不僅把星凱馬的外觀設(shè)計(jì)工作全部交給了博通的設(shè)計(jì)師,而且相關(guān)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)也交由其完成,也就是說(shuō),這款車(chē)的外觀設(shè)計(jì)和車(chē)輛的結(jié)構(gòu)布置都是由博通做出來(lái)的。
首次亮相到正式上市
2008年11月,星凱馬在上海車(chē)展上亮相,驚艷全場(chǎng)。之后,華菱開(kāi)始帶著這款車(chē)到全國(guó)各地巡展,最初從市場(chǎng)上反饋回來(lái)的評(píng)價(jià)是外觀大氣、用戶(hù)喜愛(ài)。2009年4月,星凱馬開(kāi)始接受小批量訂單,但在星凱馬計(jì)劃正式上市之前,市場(chǎng)反饋了一些問(wèn)題:車(chē)內(nèi)的電動(dòng)車(chē)窗無(wú)法操作、車(chē)輛內(nèi)飾間隙太大,容易刮傷駕駛員手臂、上下車(chē)踏板打滑等諸多缺陷暴露出來(lái)。是抓住前期的這批訂單讓星凱馬如期上市?還是暫緩上市對(duì)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行整改?劉漢如選擇了后者。隨后,他親自帶領(lǐng)公司團(tuán)隊(duì)到各地對(duì)用戶(hù)進(jìn)行走訪(fǎng),了解車(chē)輛在使用過(guò)程中存在的更多的問(wèn)題。接著,華菱進(jìn)行了多次質(zhì)量整改討論會(huì),在接下來(lái)5個(gè)月的時(shí)間里,華菱對(duì)星凱馬進(jìn)行了全面的技術(shù)整改,2009年11月底,整改完成的星凱馬正式上市。
一直在營(yíng)銷(xiāo)第一線(xiàn)的華菱營(yíng)銷(xiāo)公司副總經(jīng)理高琦回憶道:“星凱馬上市后最初先在安徽市場(chǎng)實(shí)現(xiàn)銷(xiāo)售,主要在蚌埠、阜陽(yáng)市場(chǎng)比較火爆。這兩個(gè)城市都有幾家大型的運(yùn)輸公司,每家公司都有五六百輛車(chē)的規(guī)模,每年就要更新七八十臺(tái)車(chē),這兩市的運(yùn)輸公司就成為了星凱馬的第一批用戶(hù)。如果說(shuō)第一批車(chē)完全是靠關(guān)系去‘硬推’的話(huà),那么接下來(lái)的銷(xiāo)售更多的則是靠用戶(hù)的感受和信賴(lài),有些用戶(hù)的運(yùn)輸里程達(dá)3000多公里,他們對(duì)車(chē)輛的可靠性要求很高,車(chē)輛不能在運(yùn)輸途中發(fā)生拋錨等任何故障。還有很多用戶(hù)都是以車(chē)為家,他們對(duì)車(chē)輛的舒適性要求高,他們中不少都是夫妻一起養(yǎng)車(chē),再請(qǐng)一個(gè)駕駛員開(kāi)車(chē),這部分用戶(hù)最看重車(chē)輛的空間和舒適性?!?/p>
據(jù)高琦介紹,星凱馬的臥鋪很寬敞,座椅也有氣囊減震功能,另外,車(chē)內(nèi)空間大,有些家庭養(yǎng)車(chē)型的用戶(hù)做飯都在車(chē)上,車(chē)內(nèi)的大空間完全迎合了他們的需求?!斑@款車(chē)最大的優(yōu)勢(shì)還在它的節(jié)油性,據(jù)跑長(zhǎng)途的用戶(hù)反映,星凱馬較以前用的其他車(chē)型每月可節(jié)約近5000元的油耗成本。廣東的用戶(hù)給星凱馬起了個(gè)名字叫‘無(wú)人駕駛’車(chē),在2010年的時(shí)候,一名卡車(chē)駕駛員的工資在5000元左右,星凱馬每月省下來(lái)的油耗成本正好夠雇一名駕駛員的費(fèi)用,這就是‘無(wú)人駕駛’含義的由來(lái)。”
目前,星凱馬在廣東市場(chǎng)具有非常高的知名度,僅深圳市場(chǎng)華菱品牌重卡的年銷(xiāo)量就達(dá)6000臺(tái),其中星凱馬占到10%。另外,福建、上海、浙江、江西、湖南、安徽等省市也是華菱的強(qiáng)勢(shì)市場(chǎng)。2013年,華菱重卡的大本營(yíng)安徽省共銷(xiāo)售華菱重卡1500臺(tái)以上,其中包括自卸、牽引和載貨車(chē)型,星凱馬在銷(xiāo)售中所占比例也越來(lái)越高。
整體優(yōu)異的市場(chǎng)表現(xiàn)令華菱名副其實(shí)
細(xì)心的用戶(hù)可能已發(fā)現(xiàn),從2013年開(kāi)始,華菱在央視投放了廣告,廣告語(yǔ)很簡(jiǎn)潔:中國(guó)高端重卡領(lǐng)導(dǎo)品牌。從一面世便直接劍指高端,星凱馬的實(shí)際表現(xiàn)如何呢?
既然是高端重卡,在配置上自有過(guò)人之處。星凱馬的車(chē)身結(jié)構(gòu),在國(guó)內(nèi)首次采用了全鋼籠式骨架,大大增強(qiáng)了駕駛室的抗撞能力;底盤(pán)經(jīng)過(guò)了全面升級(jí),在質(zhì)量和性能上毫不遜色于歐美重卡;前懸架是縱置半橢圓合金鋼片彈簧,帶液壓雙向可伸縮筒式具有雙向阻尼作用的減振器;后懸架采用新式分體式設(shè)計(jì),左右兩個(gè)平衡軸總成相互獨(dú)立;上推力桿為V型,兩端和固定在車(chē)架上的V型推力桿支座相連接,這樣設(shè)計(jì)具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn):降低了車(chē)輛滿(mǎn)載時(shí)的重心高度,增加了穩(wěn)定性;板簧距的加寬使車(chē)輛的橫向穩(wěn)定性更高;驅(qū)動(dòng)橋跳動(dòng)距離大大增加,當(dāng)車(chē)輛遇到較高或較深的障礙時(shí)雙橋仍能平衡受載,不易出現(xiàn)一橋懸空零承載而另一橋限位過(guò)載的情況等。另外,具有良好橫向定位作用的V桿,使驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的橫向竄動(dòng)距離較傳統(tǒng)懸架大為減小,也提高了車(chē)輛的橫向穩(wěn)定性;特殊設(shè)計(jì)的板簧壓塊、板簧和U形螺栓也使整車(chē)的可靠性大大提高;另外,星凱馬的轉(zhuǎn)向盤(pán)內(nèi)裝有安全氣囊,具備可視倒車(chē)功能,還裝配了全天候電加熱后視鏡。
判斷一款車(chē)型的好壞僅僅看它的配置是不夠的,更重要的是看其實(shí)際應(yīng)用中的表現(xiàn)。我們采訪(fǎng)了幾位用戶(hù),管中窺豹,看看他們對(duì)星凱馬是如何評(píng)價(jià)的。
姜雪松是湖北棗陽(yáng)市的第一個(gè)用戶(hù),2012年他購(gòu)入一輛星凱馬。由于之前沒(méi)用過(guò)華菱的產(chǎn)品,在選車(chē)時(shí),他心里沒(méi)底,經(jīng)過(guò)多方打聽(tīng),華菱重卡在棗陽(yáng)擁有的良好口碑讓他決心選擇星凱馬。姜雪松用這款車(chē)跑廣東到云南的專(zhuān)線(xiàn),一趟2500公里左右,當(dāng)問(wèn)及對(duì)星凱馬最滿(mǎn)意的地方時(shí),姜雪松毫不猶豫地說(shuō)是油耗,據(jù)他估算,星凱馬每跑1公里就會(huì)比其他款型車(chē)輛省0.2元,一個(gè)月至少往返廣東、云南3次約7500公里,一年下來(lái),駕駛員的工資就省出來(lái)了。并且,星凱馬安全性非常好,很適合跑云貴川這樣的山路。
來(lái)自河南周口的孫家貴是華菱的忠實(shí)用戶(hù),他已經(jīng)先后購(gòu)買(mǎi)了3輛星凱馬。孫家貴表示:“身邊很多人對(duì)我認(rèn)準(zhǔn)同一品牌同一車(chē)型集中購(gòu)買(mǎi)的行為很不理解,但我告訴他們,就沖著這款車(chē)的安全性,它值得購(gòu)買(mǎi)!”2011年7月13日,孫家貴駕駛著他的第一輛星凱馬在周口商水縣與另一輛卡車(chē)正面相撞,當(dāng)時(shí)那輛卡車(chē)被撞翻在路旁,駕駛室基本報(bào)廢,駕駛員受傷,而星凱馬駕駛室僅僅擋風(fēng)玻璃及前保險(xiǎn)杠和側(cè)導(dǎo)流罩損壞,駕駛室沒(méi)有移位,內(nèi)部基本無(wú)損,重要的是駕駛員也沒(méi)有受傷。后來(lái)孫家貴才知道,星凱馬駕駛室的鋼板比其他產(chǎn)品駕駛室厚20%。事故后,一家修理廠(chǎng)的資深技師在給他的星凱馬做簡(jiǎn)單修復(fù)時(shí)連連贊嘆:“從來(lái)沒(méi)看見(jiàn)過(guò)鋼板這么厚的駕駛室?!本瓦@樣,孫家貴認(rèn)準(zhǔn)了華菱品牌,又買(mǎi)了兩輛星凱馬。
天津運(yùn)通貨運(yùn)公司現(xiàn)有3輛星凱馬,專(zhuān)門(mén)用于運(yùn)輸大件物品,比如風(fēng)電設(shè)備,輕的60多噸,重的100噸以上。談到選擇星凱馬的初衷時(shí),該公司車(chē)隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)人表示,星凱馬動(dòng)力強(qiáng)勁,非常適合運(yùn)輸大件和在需要經(jīng)常上山爬坡的用車(chē)工況下使用,雖然其他品牌也有大馬力的車(chē)型,但上山爬坡的時(shí)候表現(xiàn)最好的還是星凱馬。“在拉著大型設(shè)備爬山時(shí),其他車(chē)都需要用裝載機(jī)拖拽,星凱馬卻可以直接開(kāi)上去,這一點(diǎn)讓很多車(chē)?yán)习蹇春蠖己軡M(mǎn)意?!痹撠?fù)責(zé)人如是說(shuō)。
節(jié)油、安全、動(dòng)力強(qiáng)勁,這只是用戶(hù)選擇星凱馬的部分理由,整體優(yōu)異的表現(xiàn)才是他們選擇這款車(chē)的根本原因,如此看來(lái),星凱馬高端的定位名副其實(shí)。
漢馬動(dòng)力助華菱騰飛
漢馬動(dòng)力在上市前對(duì)外一直處于高度保密狀態(tài),據(jù)說(shuō)有部分華菱的員工都不知道公司在研發(fā)這款發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。劉漢如親自擔(dān)任項(xiàng)目組組長(zhǎng),帶領(lǐng)研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)開(kāi)始了長(zhǎng)達(dá)5年的探索與嘗試。劉漢如說(shuō):“與星凱馬的定位相同,我們發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的定位也是高端的。漢馬動(dòng)力采用的零部件產(chǎn)品幾乎全部來(lái)自于德國(guó),缸體、缸蓋是德國(guó)最好的配套商,蒂森克虜伯的曲軸、德國(guó)的連桿、博世的啟動(dòng)機(jī)和共軌系統(tǒng)、霍利威爾渦輪增壓器,還配備了全世界最好的螺栓?!?/p>
據(jù)劉漢如介紹,漢馬動(dòng)力經(jīng)過(guò)了嚴(yán)格的高寒、高原、高溫測(cè)試,到過(guò)零下40℃的黑河,還到過(guò)溫度高達(dá)40℃的新疆火焰山、甘肅的敦煌,僅用于實(shí)驗(yàn)用的油料成本就達(dá)5000萬(wàn)元?!皾h馬動(dòng)力的水平可以媲美德國(guó)奔馳、曼最新一代的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。如缸內(nèi)制動(dòng)技術(shù),不僅提升了安全性,而且每年還能為用戶(hù)創(chuàng)造6萬(wàn)元左右的綜合價(jià)值。尤其在西南這樣坡多的地區(qū),漢馬動(dòng)力在國(guó)內(nèi)率先使用的缸內(nèi)制動(dòng)技術(shù)大受歡迎?!眲h如對(duì)漢馬動(dòng)力的品質(zhì)信心十足,且這種信心還體現(xiàn)在他對(duì)漢馬動(dòng)力售后服務(wù)政策的制定上,漢馬動(dòng)力開(kāi)創(chuàng)了3年30萬(wàn)公里的國(guó)內(nèi)重卡發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)保修紀(jì)錄,且“半年之內(nèi)一旦出現(xiàn)故障,如果不能立即修好,就換新的整機(jī)”。這種魄力是建立在產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)過(guò)硬的基礎(chǔ)之上的。對(duì)于漢馬動(dòng)力的超強(qiáng)性能,劉漢如舉了一個(gè)例子:在零下40℃的情況下,其他品牌的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)需要用火烤才能啟動(dòng),而漢馬動(dòng)力一點(diǎn)火就啟動(dòng)了,冒著白煙,排放出去的都是水蒸氣。
As everyone knows that our world view originates in our culture. In every culture we can unavoidably see the shadow of religion. Religion, as Nanda observes, “deals with the nature of life and death, the creation of the universe, the origin of society and groups within the society, the relationship of individuals and groups to one another, and the relation of humankind to nature.” There are numerous kinds of religions in the world and here we just talk over the five major ones that have lasting traditions for centuries, influenced on and gained respect from millions of people. They are Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. In the following part, we will discuss some aspects of them.
2 Five Religious Concepts
Christianity:(from the Ancient Greek ■, Khristos, “Christ”, means “anointed one”) is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teaching of Jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings. Believers of the Christian are called Christians.
Judaism: is the “religion, philosophy, and way of life” of the Jewish people. Originating in the Hebrew Bible(also known as the Tanakh) and explored in later texts such as the Talmud, it is considered by Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God developed with the Children of Israel.
Islam: it’s one of the major world religion founded by Muhammad in Arabia in the early 7th century AD. The Arabic word Islam means “submission”―submission to the will of the one God, called Allah in Arabic. It’s a strictly monotheistic religion, and its believers, called Muslims.
Hinduism: is the predominant religious tradition of South Asia. Hinduism is often referred to as Sanātana Dharma(a Sanskrit phrase meaning “the eternal law”) by its adherents.
Buddhism: a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pāli/Sanskrit “the awakened one”).
3 Five Religious Clarifications and Its link with People’s Behavior
We should keep in mind three points before discussing the major religions of the world:(1)Everyone has his world view, even the person who does not believe in God. That is to say, religion is only a kind of world view;(2)It is difficult to draw a line between religion and a subtle manifestation of religion. Someone may call religion another might call philosophy.(3)Our goal is to illustrate some aspects of religious clarifications and its influences on people’s behavior.
Christianity: They believe in a God who is manifest in the Trinity of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
Examples of the link between religion, perception, and behavior:
They believe strongly in organized worship to proclaiming God’s message--they have a keen of social activities, they may participate a lot of religious clubs and associations beyond their family unit.
They believe it is the God who created human beings and gave them the power to dominate the nature--they are future-dominated people and possess the spirit of exploration.
They believe “The central ethic Jesus taught was love”--they try to make charitable contributions by playing the “world police” role to improve the lives of other countries.
Judaism: They believe that God’s providence extends to all people, they also hold to the notion God entered into this special covenant with them so that they could carry God’s message by example.
Examples of the link between religion, perception, and behavior:
They believe they are God’s “chosen people”--they reserve their beliefs even go through sufferings such as Holocaust.
They believe learning is the power and obligation that given by God--As long ago as the first century, Jews had a system of compulsory education.
The Ten Commandments weigh a lot in their life--they can’t relieve the suffering when they betray the Ten Commandments but to obey and bear it.
Islam: They accept that Muhammad was the heir to the religious mantle passed down by the prophets of the Bible. Their god Allah spoke to human beings many times in toe past and concerned with establishing a new social order as well as delivering a religious message.
Examples of the link between religion, perception, and behavior:
The wisdom of the Koran claims that religion is the whole of life--they taught Islam to everyone from the time when he was born.
They believe they should submit to the will of Allah--they pray five times a day to show their submit.
They should show their devotion to Allah--Everyone should try his best to make a pilgrimage to Mecca in his lifetime.
Hinduism: The material world is not the only reality. There are other realities that reveal the true nature of life, the mind, and the spirit.
Examples of the link between religion, perception, and behavior:
They believe that the world is so fantastic that every creature is governed by a god --they treat animals such as monkeys and cattle kindly to show their respectful towards that god.
They believe that satisfaction in the material and physical world might gratify us, but finally they will “wear out”--they spend much of their lives to experience Nirvana in search of realms.
They believe in various paths can adapt to diverse needs--they have distinct spiritual paths such as jnanayoga, bhkti yoga, karma, and rajayoga.
Buddhism: They believe that life, for a host of reasons, is suffering.
Examples of the link between religion, perception, and behavior:
They believe there is a life after death--they do not kill animals.
They believe that life is dukka(suffering)--they try to seek the causes of their suffering while enduring them.
They believe the impermanent nature of all things both good and bad, which are always changing--they believe in karma.
4 Conclusion
From the above we can see that religion not only reflects our world view, but also influences our conduction. Therefore we should keep an open mind when concerning people’s perception and behavior.
【References】
[1]Cao Xianghong.(2010). An Introduction to Intercultural Communication[M]. Beijing: Science Press.
Keywords: writing teaching; primary calligraphy education; traditional writing skill inheritance; new curriculum reform focus;
0 Introduction
In current world, globalization and informationization development lead to the violent collision of Chinese and foreign culture. Chinese characters are used as the essence of Chinese civilization for thousands of years, which is the only used hieroglyphics in the world. It is different from English phongraphy stroke, which is more concise, and the identification is also more convenient. Chinese characters are used as complicated hieroglyphs, and the writing mistakes will lead to text itself, influencing the written ideographic accuracy. So for a long time, the education circle is focusing more on writing education. But in the long-term exam-oriented education background, college entrance examination has become the students’ focus, but the writing aspect is ignored. For the lack of Chinese character writing education aspect, it gradually causes the focus of education circle and society. In recent years, schools begin to strengthen the writing education, and the nation begins to give high support, including CCTV and other media to hold national character writing competition, which has positive role in writing education promotion.
1. The Significance of Calligraphy Education
1.1 Calligraphy Writing
The Chinese character writing is a basic skill, and the calligraphy is formed at the beginning of Chinese writing. When the ancient people consider it from practical angle, they have not considered calligraphy as an art. Now, the actual function of calligraphy and writing gradually weakens, the calligraphy attribute begins to take art as the main part.
Writing contains calligraphy, which is generally divided into: writing and calligraphy. Writing is mainly for accurately conveying written expression and rapidly recording, and the aesthetics is secondary. The narrow calligraphy is mainly aesthetics and arts, taking written expression conveying as the secondary. This paper analyzes the calligraphy education, which refers to calligraphy in vast meaning. It also includes practical writing and artistic calligraphy. In the following article, the practicality and art are no longer distinguished, so the mentioned calligraphy is general calligraphy.
From education angle, the general calligraphy education includes artistic cultivation calligraphy professional education, but also includes practical writing education.
1.2 The Meaning of Primary School Students’ Learning Calligraphy
In fact, when conducting calligraphy education for primary school students, the two aspects in general calligraphy have their own unique important meaning, which needs educators’ careful consideration.
Practical Calligraphy Education. The unique pictography of Chinese character stroke should need long time practice to have neat writing. The pupils are in the key stage of cultivating and practicing neat writing.
Art Calligraphy Aspect. Chinese characters develop for thousands of years, and many calligraphers create many characters from aesthetics angle, and the artistic calligraphy meaning is in fact the mold of traditional culture and personal accomplishment and character precipitation. Ancient Wang Xian’s calligraphy writes as much as 18 cylinders of water, and he writes a good writing and he has perseverance and he keeps on carving quality.
2. New Curriculum Reform Overview
Entering new century, the education in the world is making great reform with the rapid development of era. Chinese traditional exam-oriented education has many disadvantages.
2.1 New Curriculum Reform Goal
Basic education is related with national future and national destiny. After the founding of new China, it implements seven basic education curriculum reform and obtains great achievement. It has an important role in the aspect of politics, economy, science and culture. But, the basic education status is still not ideal. The fixed exam-oriented knowledge education is the main problem, which has not obtained fundamental change, and completely cultivating and improving students’ quality effect is not ideal.
2.2 New Curriculum Reform Concept and Focus
2.2.1 New Curriculum Reform Concept
The core of new curriculum reform concept is to promote the overall development of students. Taking students’ comprehensive quality development is the key to new curriculum reform. Through concerning each student’s emotion, ideology, emotion and personality, it makes learning become the students’ life experience and it can help them to establish correct and personalized life view, world view and value views, making it become the high-quality talents with responsibility.
2.2.2 New Curriculum Reform Focus
1) Reform Curriculum Function. It changes from teaching function teaching knowledge to leading students to learn methods, learning to be and learning to survive.
2) Reform Course Structure. In the course configuration, it should implement teaching content according to students’ experience. It should combine learning and social practice, to teach students in accordance with their aptitude, making students’ learning interest rise and making students have lifelong benefit.
3) Conducting Innovation for Course Education Mode. It changes the previous teaching mode in teaching, encouraging students to actively participate, practice and cultivate students to collect information and analyze and solve problem, which advocates students and teachers to strengthen the communication and cultivate students’ teamwork spirit.
3. Primary School Calligraphy Education Status
At present, most primary schools promote the calligraphy education mode in China, and this also focuses on narrow art calligraphy education mode, especially the normal colleges, the art calligraphy education performance achievement is much more than the actual writing education achievement. The calligraphy education of the two aspects has some problems:
1)Arts Education Trend. The current art education belongs to calligraphy education mode. In fact, it is not only calligraphy, but also all kinds of talent education obtains the favor of primary school parents.
2)Writing Teaching Aspect. Most primary school teaching management has no evaluation standard and assessment for teachers’ writing teaching. The teachers will not input time into students’ professional writing education.
Also experts point out that the frequent use of computer leads to students’ writing level hard to improve. The source of the fact is that many young teachers have stepped into the primary school teaching position. The teachers in the Internet era depend too much on computer, so their writing skills are not enough.
4.Several Suggestions of Strengthening Calligraphy Teaching in Primary School Teaching
4.1 Mobilizing Interest to Promote the Students’ Active Learning.
The ancient people say that the people who have interest in learning is better. Because the age feature and recognition level of primary school students are determined, the interest is the important motivation of directly influencing children’s learning activity. In teaching process, educators should teach students according to their aptitude and create some effective teaching methods.
1)Using History Cultural Story. In Chinese history, there are many calligraphers’ stories. Primary school students can stimulate their interest for writing because of curiosity for stories, such as telling stories of ancient calligraphers practicing calligraphy, such as Wang Xian’s insisting and writing out many tanks of water, and finally obtaining the fame of calligrapher.
2)Stimulating children’s imagination space. Primary school students’ thinking is mainly for imagination thinking, which can make the abstract term image of calligraphy teaching specific and easy for students to grasp. Using the calligraphy pictographic association or some doggerel can make students easier to remember the writing essentials.
3)Using the multimedia means. Using projector and PPT courseware to show calligraphy name tablet to students can increase students’ perception to arouse their interest in learning calligraphy.
4.2 Education Department Should Deepen the Understanding of Calligraphy Education Importance.
The education department should fabricate the corresponding incentive mechanism and examination mechanism for writing teaching, truly making the work into the schedule. It should strengthen the writing teaching research and training strength, forming the writing teaching research atmosphere. It should also teachers’ writing skills, improving teachers’ writing basic quality and teaching guidance ability. Fabricating examination and incentive mechanism, teachers’ writing teaching is put into the teachers’ occupation responsibility evaluation.
5 Conclusion
Education, as the focus of sustainable development, not only makes the literal and science knowledge teaching as the only focus. In new course reform requirement, deepening the quality education and overall cultivating students’ quality are the focus of future education development. Literal and science knowledge, P.E health, practice ability, communication exchange and quality cultivation are also important. The writing is favored by ancient literal people. It is not only basic skill but also senior art, but also, in order to ensure the smooth written communication, all the people should write good Chinese characters, which is the lowest social demand. Practicing Chinese writing is the inheritance of traditional culture and important parts of accelerating Chinese culture. If computer is promoted with popularity, Chinese gradually go to pinyin trend, then for the people in different regions in China, it is not so easy to grasp.
References
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