元旦標(biāo)語精選(九篇)
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第1篇：元旦標(biāo)語范文
2.圣誕狂歡夜歡樂優(yōu)惠在圣誕
3.新年新色彩，xxx印象常留
4.激情點(diǎn)亮圣誕好禮盡在伊呀呀
5.“購物送手套，連環(huán)大驚喜
6.千僖迎新，半價返還
7.繽紛時代冬日情懷
8.紅運(yùn)禮紅包袋袋兩重送
9.貼心禮迎新如意級數(shù)送
10.金虎報春，新年紅包天天送
11.金虎送福慶庚寅，虎祥如意好禮多
12.與時俱進(jìn)弘揚(yáng)南匯精神，萬眾一心構(gòu)建和諧港城
13.以黨的xx大精神為指導(dǎo)，抓住機(jī)遇，奮發(fā)有為，開創(chuàng)南匯現(xiàn)代化事業(yè)新局面
14.聚精會神搞建設(shè)，一心一意謀發(fā)展
15.工廠迎新年標(biāo)語：
16.新年就喝健康綠茶。
17.茶葉圣誕節(jié)元旦促銷廣告語
18.海報換禮品，剪角來就送!開心圣誕節(jié)!
19.純真生活，健康綠茶
20.張燈結(jié)彩喜迎新年齊心協(xié)力共譜新篇
21.和氣吉祥歲歲安康四季平安年年如意祝大家新年快樂!
22.歡歡喜喜迎龍年，安全贏利又一年!
23.歡樂節(jié)日X勁爆優(yōu)惠大行動!
24.迎“新”三步曲店慶“四”吉祥
25.盛世xx星光閃耀四周年慶 縱情回報顧客情
26.七夕情人節(jié)廣告語
27.歲月年輪承載輝煌xx
28.XX(商場名稱)給你一個心愿
29.某商場購物送大禮，圣誕狂歡驚喜多
30.慶圣誕迎新年 網(wǎng)戀回饋
31.特別的禮給特別的你
32.恭祝全廠員工新年快樂幸福安康如意吉祥
33.企業(yè)迎新年的標(biāo)語或?qū)β?lián)：
34.xxx公司恭祝大家新年快樂身體健康
35.XX公司祝全體員工元旦快樂!龍年大吉!
36.喜迎龍年!歡度新年!再接再勵!再創(chuàng)輝煌!
37.三星相機(jī)中國情——吉祥如意金虎年
38.迎新年，講文明，樹新風(fēng)，促和諧
39.以科學(xué)發(fā)展觀統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全局，推動南匯經(jīng)濟(jì)社會又好又快發(fā)展
40.世界文明的盛會，我們大家的世博
41.祝大家新年快樂!
42.以我文明新貌，共慶新春佳節(jié)，喜迎世博盛會
43.文明的城市、歡慶的佳節(jié)，美好的生活
44.喜迎元旦佳節(jié)
45.搶抓新機(jī)遇，爭創(chuàng)新優(yōu)勢，再創(chuàng)新輝煌
46.匯聚百川、服務(wù)兩港、創(chuàng)新開拓、勇立潮頭
47.公司祝各位同仁：新年好!
48.祝各位在新的一年里：身體健康，萬事如意!
49.新年快樂，佳節(jié)如意!!
50.青想，激情演繹。
51.激揚(yáng)青春，綻放精彩。
52.歌舞載青春，夢想筑文傳。
53.張燈結(jié)彩歡度佳節(jié)，齊心協(xié)力共創(chuàng)偉業(yè)
54.慶圣誕迎新年 親情回饋
55.謀發(fā)展公司同仁齊心協(xié)力建曠世奇功
56.運(yùn)籌帷幄雄心開創(chuàng)千秋業(yè)
57.達(dá)權(quán)知變妙筆描繪萬代春
58.橫批財源廣進(jìn)
59.大吉大利過新年，事業(yè)成功輝煌年!
60.年年順景財源廣歲歲平安福壽多
61.幼兒園迎新年標(biāo)語
62.一干二凈除舊習(xí)五講四美樹新風(fēng)
63.春*明媚山河披錦繡華夏騰飛祖國萬年輕
64.五更分兩年年年稱心一夜連兩歲歲歲如意
65.公司新年橫幅標(biāo)語：
66.xxx公司恭賀全體員工新春愉快闔家歡樂
67.魅力雞年，驚喜連連
68.你過新年，我送健康。
69.啟福迎祥帶?；丶?/p>
70.盛世星光閃耀四周年慶 縱情回報顧客情
71.xxxx年圣誕節(jié)活動購出重重溫暖
72.分享首信甜蜜新年，**首信真情大回饋
第2篇：元旦標(biāo)語范文
robot n.機(jī)器人
everything pron.每件事物
paper n.紙;紙張
use v.使用;利用
fewer adj.(few的比較級)較少的;較少數(shù)
less adj.(brttle的比較級)較少;較小
pollution n.污染
tree n.樹;樹木
building n.建筑物;房屋
astronaut n.宇航員，航天員
rocket n.火箭
space n.空間;太空
space station 空間站
fly v.飛行
took v.（take的過去式）
moon n.月亮;月球
fall v.落下;跌落;變?yōu)?/p>
fell v.(fall的過去式)
fall in love with 愛上
parrot n.鸚鵡
alone adv.單獨(dú)地;孤獨(dú)地
pet n.寵物
probably adv.大概;或許
suit n.一套衣服
able adj.能;能夠
be able to 能夠……；得以……
dress v.穿衣
casually adv.非正式地；隨意地
which pron.哪個;哪幾個
even adv.甚至
The World Cup 世界杯
wrote v.(write的過去式)
myself pron.(反身代詞)我自己;我本人
interview n.面試;面談
predict v.預(yù)報；預(yù)言
future n.將來;未來
prediction n.預(yù)言；預(yù)測
came v.(come的過去式)
come true 實(shí)現(xiàn)；達(dá)到
Sound n.聲音
Company n.公司
Thought v.(think的過去式)
Fiction n.小說
unpleasant adj.使人不愉快的
scientist n.科學(xué)家
in the future 未來;將來
hundreds of 大量;許多
already adv.早已;已經(jīng)
made v.(make的過去式)
factory n.工廠
simple adj.簡單的;簡易的
such adj.這樣的;這種
bored adj.厭煩的；厭倦的
everywhere adv.各地;到處
human n.人;人類
shape n.外形;形狀
huge n.巨大的;極大的
earthquake n.地震
snake n.蛇
possible adj.可能的
electric adj.電的;導(dǎo)電的
toothbrush n.牙刷
seem v.像是;似乎
第3篇：元旦標(biāo)語范文
1. i have two _______ (dictionary).one is english-chinese dictionary, and the other is chinese-english dictionary.
2. a: what’s the result of the race, mary?
b: jane is the ____ (one) in the race, barbara is the ____ (two) and i am the _____ (three).
3. the yellow river is the second _______ (long) river in china.
4. the boy is old enough to __________ (dress) himself.
5. the weather in beijing is quite ___________ (difference) from that in guangzhou.
6. i’m very _______ (interest) in that _________ (interest) story.
7. it’s more _________ (convenience) to take a taxi to the station than take a bus, but too expensive.
8. be careful! put the secret letter in a _________ (safety) place.
9. lucy is _________ (jealousy) of her friend’s beauty.
10. liu xiang and yang liwei are _________ (hero) in different fields.
二、試試你的判斷力，選擇正確答案。
( ) 1. everyone in our class_____.
a. enjoys to swim b. enjoy to swim c. enjoys swimming d. enjoy swimming
( ) 2.both you and i ___ wrong.
a. was b. am c. were d. is
( ) 3. they ____ many happy hours ____ along the beach during that holiday.
a. spend, walking b. spent, walking c. cost , walking d. gave, walking
( ) 4. john ____interested in chinese two years ago.
a. is b. became c. are d. were
( ) 5. ______ adults began to learn english in this small town.
a. thousand of b. thousands of c. thousand from d. thousands from
( ) 6. which one has the same meaning as “take your time”?
a. take it easy b. no hurry c. hurry up d. be quick
( ) 7. can you tell me ____________?
a. how much does it cost b. how much it is
c. how much it costs d. both b and c
( ) 8. yao ming is a _____ boy who is helping the houston rockets in nba.
a.2.16-metres-tall b. 2.26-metre-tall c. 2.16 metres tall d. 2.26 metres
( ) 9. he was ____by her beauty.
a. fascinate b. fascinated c. fascination d. fascinates
第4篇：元旦標(biāo)語范文
關(guān)鍵詞：載體；人CD81；蛋白表達(dá)；純化
中圖分類號：Q816 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼：A
pCold TF原核表達(dá)載體是一種插入蛋白可溶性標(biāo)簽的融合型冷休克表達(dá)載體，空載體融合表達(dá)的順序為六聚組氨酸（HisTag）、Trigger Factor（TF）、蛋白酶切位點(diǎn)和多克隆位點(diǎn)序列.蛋白酶切位點(diǎn)依次為HRV 3C protease，Thrombin和Factor Xa，用于去除融合蛋白的可溶性標(biāo)簽.TF是一種原核的核糖體結(jié)合伴侶蛋白，相對分子質(zhì)量約4.8×104，它能夠促進(jìn)新生肽鏈的共翻譯折疊，與目的蛋白融合表達(dá)，提高目的蛋白的可溶性.載體上帶有冷休克表達(dá)系統(tǒng)，嚴(yán)格控制載體在低溫條件下才能表達(dá)目的蛋白，進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)了目的蛋白的可溶性表達(dá).
人CD81是一種四跨膜的非糖基化膜蛋白，由胞內(nèi)的N端和C端、4個跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域、胞外小環(huán)和胞外大環(huán)4部分組成，相對分子質(zhì)量約2.6×104，在B細(xì)胞、T細(xì)胞、肝細(xì)胞等多種細(xì)胞中均有表達(dá).CD81參與細(xì)胞的粘附和信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)，具有影響細(xì)胞增殖和分化等生物學(xué)功能［1］，是細(xì)胞表面的免疫調(diào)節(jié)分子［2］，并參與丙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis C virus，HCV）感染宿主細(xì)胞，作為HCV的一個受體介導(dǎo)病毒顆粒進(jìn)入宿主細(xì)胞［3］，HCV包膜蛋白E2與CD81胞外大環(huán)相互結(jié)合實(shí)現(xiàn)HCV的感染［4-5］.針對CD81的靶向藥物及特異性抗體具有抑制HCV感染的潛在功能［6-7］，人膜蛋白CD81的原核表達(dá)與純化，為今后靶向藥物篩選、抗體制備及深入研究CD81與HCV之間的關(guān)系奠定了基礎(chǔ).
湖南大學(xué)學(xué)報(自然科學(xué)版)2012年
第8期朱海珍等：人膜蛋白CD81的原核表達(dá)與純化
pET28b是一種常規(guī)的原核表達(dá)載體，含有T7啟動子、乳糖操縱子和多克隆位點(diǎn)序列等基本功能元件，在蛋白原核表達(dá)與純化實(shí)驗體系中應(yīng)用廣泛.在預(yù)實(shí)驗中，將人cd81基因克隆到pET28b載體中嘗試原核表達(dá)，發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有可溶性目的蛋白的表達(dá).pCold TF不僅有pET28b中的基本功能元件，還包含了冷休克表達(dá)系統(tǒng)和TF助溶蛋白，通過嚴(yán)格控制目的蛋白低溫表達(dá)，以及TF的可溶性標(biāo)記功能和分子伴侶作用，可以使一些表達(dá)困難的基因獲得更高概率的可溶性表達(dá).本課題改造pCold TF載體，在保留冷休克及融合表達(dá)系統(tǒng)的前提下，去除原載體上的HisTag序列，一方面提高了人CD81蛋白融合表達(dá)的效率和可溶性，另一方面有利于融合蛋白中的TF助溶蛋白的去除，獲得不含助溶蛋白標(biāo)簽的全長人CD81蛋白.
1 材料與方法
3 討論
pCold TF載體擁有冷休克表達(dá)系統(tǒng)和TF助溶蛋白，一些表達(dá)困難的基因在pCold TF中有更高概率的可溶性表達(dá).但是目的基因在pCold TF中表達(dá)得到的融合蛋白含有4.8×104的TF助溶蛋白標(biāo)簽，標(biāo)簽的分子質(zhì)量偏大，對目的蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)及功能有較大的影響，而去除TF卻不方便，因為融合蛋白表達(dá)的順序為HisTag、TF助溶蛋白、蛋白酶切位點(diǎn)、目的蛋白，利用蛋白酶對融合蛋白進(jìn)行酶切后，目的蛋白將和HisTag、TF助溶蛋白分開成為兩個蛋白片段，目的蛋白不含HisTag，不利于目的蛋白的再回收.本文對pCold TF載體進(jìn)行改造，使之不含HisTag序列，將目的基因克隆到該載體時，通過在目的基因3′端引物添加HisTag序列，其融合蛋白表達(dá)的順序為TF助溶蛋白、蛋白酶切位點(diǎn)、目的蛋白、HisTag，其中HisTag不僅可用于融合蛋白的純化，也可用于融合蛋白酶切后目的蛋白的純化，因為HisTag仍然保留在目的蛋白上，也可作為標(biāo)簽用于Western blot中目的蛋白的檢測，以及結(jié)合在NiNTA等載體上，用于進(jìn)一步目的蛋白功能研究和特異性藥物篩選等.
第5篇：元旦標(biāo)語范文
【關(guān)鍵詞】多功能電能表單表 電能采集技術(shù) 遠(yuǎn)程抄表系統(tǒng)
對于電能表采集中，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代化技術(shù)，設(shè)計多功能電能表單表遠(yuǎn)程抄表系統(tǒng)，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)通過系統(tǒng)管理中心網(wǎng)絡(luò)，對電網(wǎng)內(nèi)的公變用戶、專變用戶的多功能電能表進(jìn)行實(shí)時監(jiān)控，具有實(shí)際研究價值。以下本文對此做具體介紹：
1 當(dāng)前電能采集技術(shù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
對于電力企業(yè)中，其當(dāng)前電能采集技術(shù)還具備以下優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，需要改進(jìn)電能采集技術(shù)，才可以符合實(shí)際工作需求。
1.1 傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)弊端
在實(shí)際用戶電能表抄表工作中，由于用電用戶數(shù)量眾多，且地理位置分散的弊端，不僅使得傳統(tǒng)用戶電能表的抄表中需要投入大量人力、物力、財力，且抄表餓時間長，對于電表用電量也易出現(xiàn)漏抄、錯抄的情況；還有就是降低用電數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計計費(fèi)的及時性，為入戶抄表人員和用戶帶來不便。
1.2 現(xiàn)代化技術(shù)優(yōu)勢
設(shè)計多功能電能表單表遠(yuǎn)程抄表系統(tǒng)，在端下行通道中，應(yīng)用RS485總線技術(shù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)對電能表數(shù)據(jù)信息的采集功能，對于無線抄表終端的上行通道，可以采用基于GPRS的無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)，實(shí)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)程傳輸電能表單表數(shù)據(jù)的功能，并且也可以根據(jù)用戶的電表交費(fèi)情況以及用戶的用電負(fù)荷大小，通過多功能電能表單表遠(yuǎn)程抄表系統(tǒng)系統(tǒng)的后臺，運(yùn)程遙控送電，具備智能性與人性化管理機(jī)制。
2 研究應(yīng)用多功能電能表單表遠(yuǎn)程抄表系統(tǒng)的意義
設(shè)計多功能電能表單表遠(yuǎn)程抄表系統(tǒng)，采用電力載波和電話通信方式相結(jié)全的通信方形式，兼有二者優(yōu)點(diǎn)，功能齊全，成本低，且多功能電能表單表遠(yuǎn)程抄表系統(tǒng)組織靈活，采用高可靠、處理器功耗低，運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定，使用壽命長，選擇性強(qiáng)。 電力載波系統(tǒng)直接利用電力網(wǎng)通信，采用FSK載波通信方式，數(shù)字電度表采用PIC16C73單片機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)高精度數(shù)字式電度表，支持曲線數(shù)據(jù)采集功能，每隔15分鐘記錄一個數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)。當(dāng)系統(tǒng)中用戶的剩余電量低于催費(fèi)門限時，將會發(fā)出警告，采取短信的方式，每15分鐘發(fā)送1次，將用戶的表號以及電表的剩余電量發(fā)送給的指定用戶，共發(fā)送3次催費(fèi)警告；且當(dāng)用戶剩余電量低于拉閘門限時，將會有系統(tǒng)終端控制實(shí)現(xiàn)開關(guān)跳閘，停止供電，該系統(tǒng)具有實(shí)際應(yīng)用價值。
3 設(shè)計多功能電能表單表遠(yuǎn)程抄表系統(tǒng)的步驟
3.1 需求分析
無線抄表系統(tǒng)中，系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，需要采用無線收發(fā)設(shè)備來傳輸數(shù)據(jù)，且由于不需專門架線實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸工作，不僅節(jié)約大量人力資源，更重要的是可提高抄表準(zhǔn)確性，供電管理部門能可以及時得到用戶的電表數(shù)據(jù)信息，電力用戶不再需要與抄表者預(yù)約時間，具有一定便利。
3.2 硬件設(shè)計
PIC16C73芯片具備低功耗、高性能的特點(diǎn)，是CMOS8位單片機(jī)，其尋址空間達(dá)到4K×14大小。 PIC16C73單片機(jī)中設(shè)有專門的串行數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送端口（引腳RC5/SDO）和相應(yīng)的時鐘信號發(fā)送端口（引腳RC3/SCK）。
3.3 系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)體系
系統(tǒng)中，采取采集器、集中器以及主機(jī)三部分控制，軟件控制其中的采集器與集中器，主要通過市電網(wǎng)來傳輸數(shù)據(jù)信號。對于采集器則需要通過485線與各個電能表的基表相連，主要用來負(fù)責(zé)采集以及發(fā)送電表數(shù)據(jù)。
3.4 軟件設(shè)計
利用所學(xué)的單片機(jī)軟件編程，并在實(shí)驗平臺操作其程序，在設(shè)計的圖形中必須在實(shí)驗室中操作將其流程實(shí)驗成功。在多功能電能表單表遠(yuǎn)程抄表系統(tǒng)中，為確保發(fā)送的短消息可以多承載用戶數(shù)據(jù)，故此可將系統(tǒng)的GSM模塊定義成文本模式。
3.5 程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)
設(shè)計多功能電能表單表遠(yuǎn)程抄表系統(tǒng)，可以通過編程采取軟件濾波方式，提高系統(tǒng)內(nèi)電表數(shù)據(jù)通信的可靠性。發(fā)送程序的軟件編程如下：
RT BIT P1.0
MOV PCON，#80H
MOV TH1，#0D0H
MOV TMOD，#21H
SETB TR1
MOV SCON，#70H
CLR T1
CLR RT
MOV R2，#0
LOP1：DJNX R2，LOP1
MOV SBUF，#0FFH
LOP2：JNB T1，LOP1
CLR T1
MOV SBUF，#0EBH
LOP3：JNB T1，LOP3
CLR T1
MOV SBUF，#90H
LOP4：JNB T1，LOP4
MOV SBUF，#OFFH
LOPS：JNB T1，LOPS
CLR T1
SETB RT
BIT P1.0
MOV PCON，#80H
MOV TH1，#0D0H
MOV TMOD，#21H
MOV SCON，#70H
SETB TR1
SETB RT
CLR R1
LOP1：JNB R1，LOP1
CLR R1
LOP3：MOV A，#0EBH
CJNE A，SBUF，LOP1
LOP2：JNB R1，LOP2
CLR R1
MOV A，#90H
CJNE A，SBUF，LOP3
4 結(jié)論
綜上所述，針對當(dāng)前用戶電能表抄表工作，轉(zhuǎn)變傳統(tǒng)人工方式，應(yīng)用電子技術(shù)結(jié)合數(shù)字通信技術(shù)、計算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對多功能電能表單表的遠(yuǎn)程自動抄表功能，具有實(shí)際應(yīng)用價值，值得在實(shí)際中推廣應(yīng)用。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]朱兆優(yōu).RS-485總線在遠(yuǎn)程自動抄表系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用[J].東華理工學(xué)院學(xué)報（自然科學(xué)版，2012，7（18）：41-42.
[2]張銳.基于多載波擴(kuò)頻理論的低壓電力線數(shù)據(jù)通信技術(shù)的研究[D]；哈爾濱理工大學(xué)，2011，14（12）：76-77.
[3] 朱兆優(yōu)，林剛勇，王海濤.CAN總線與LPT通信接口設(shè)計的與實(shí)現(xiàn)[J]；東華理工學(xué)院學(xué)報（自然科學(xué)版），2010，21（14）：56-57.
[4]王瓊，劉正瓊，陳雁翔等.紅外遙控技術(shù)在智能抄表系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用[J].儀器儀表學(xué)報，2011，6（34）：45-46.
第6篇：元旦標(biāo)語范文
Ⅰ. 詞匯
A. 根據(jù)句意及首字母提示,寫出下列各句空白處所缺的單詞｡
1. You should drink p_____of water. It’s good for your health.
2. Helen is a scientist. She has been doing her r_____work for many years.
3. It’s not polite to talk loudly in p.
4. Don’t talk only. I want all of you to find some s_____to the problems we have to face tomorrow.
5. What would you do if you won a lot of money in the sports l?
B. 用方框中所給詞語的適當(dāng)形式填空｡
1. Let’s_____ ourselves into two groups.
2. They_____ Betty to have dinner with them for the Spring Festival yesterday.
3. I’d like to_____ her to you.
4. What’s the matter with you? Are you in_____?
5. The government should solve these_____ problems.
6. Tom hopes that his mother is his good_____.
7. The weather is_____ good. Why not go out for a walk?
8. If you really want to help her, what about_____ a good idea for her?
9. I’m sorry for_____ school.
10. If I_____ you, I’d take some fruits to see her mother.
Ⅱ. 單項選擇
1. There’re_____ people in this city.
A. two millions of B. two million
C. million of D. two million of
2. The young woman has so many dresses, so she doesn’t know_____ every morning.
A. which to wear B. how to wear
C. what to put on D. how to put on
3. What would you do if you cut yourself_____ accident?
A. with B. at C. by D. in
4. ―All of my friends have said they will come.
―_____ they do not come?
A. Even if B. What if C. How if D. Why if
5. After a day’s long walk, I was_____ to walk any further.
A. too tired B. tired enough C. so tired D. fairly tired
6. His parents don’t let him_____ a pet. What should he do?
A. have B. to have C. has D. had
7. James is_____, and he is hardly ever tired.
A. outgoing B. confindent C. creative D. energetic
8. Our teacher asked us_____ afraid of talking in public.
A. not to B. to be not C. not be D. not to be
9. Let’s wait for her_____ to us.
A. introduce herself B. introducing her
C. to introduce her D. to introduce herself
10. He is so confindent that_____ he annoys others.
A. some time B. sometime C. sometimes D. some times
11. Amy is very friendly. She is easy to_____.
A. catch up with B. get along
C. go on with D. get along with
12. I_____ read some good books than watch a bad TV program.
A. would rather B. would like
C. had better D. prefer to
13. This doesn’t trouble him_____.
A. at the most B. the slightest
C. at the slightest D. in the slightest
14. The public_____ not always right.
A. are B. is C. am D. be
15. The number of people invited_____ fifty, but a number of them_____ absent for different reasons.
A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were
Ⅲ. 句型轉(zhuǎn)換按照括號內(nèi)的要求改寫下列句子｡每空限填一詞｡
1. I don’t want to play football in the slightest. (改為同義句)
I don’t want to play football__________.
2. “Can my friends be in the movie?” he asked.(改為帶賓語從句的主從復(fù)合句)
He asked_____ his friends_____ be in the movie.
3. If there is no air, people can’t live.(改為簡單句)
People can_____ live_____ air.
4. I’ll fly to Paris if I have a lot of money.(改為虛擬語氣的句子)
I__________ to Paris if I_____ a lot of money.
5. The girl looks very shy.(對劃線部分提問)
__________the girl_____?
Ⅳ. 漢譯英根據(jù)漢語句子,完成英語句子｡每空限填一詞｡
1. 如果他是你的話,他就不會上學(xué)遲到｡
If he_____ you, he_______________ late for school.
2. 他寧愿呆在家里看書也不愿去參加晚會｡
He’d_____ stay at home and read a book_____ go to the party.
3. 她在考試中總是名列前茅｡
She always__________ in exams.
4. 別讓你父母失望,他們想讓你成為最棒的｡
Don’t_____ your parents_____, they want you to be the best one.
5. 我弟弟常常未經(jīng)允許就和朋友們外出了｡
My brother often went out with his friends__________.
Ⅴ. 完形填空
Overhead bridges can be seen in many parts of Singapore, especially in the places where traffic is very heavy and crossing the road is 1.
These bridges can make people cross roads safely. Overhead bridges are used in very much the same way as zebra crossing.
They are more efficient(效率高的), 2 less convenient because people have to climb up a lot of steps. This is inconvenient to the old. When people 3 an overhead bridge, they do not hold up traffic. But when they cross a 4 road using a zebra crossing, traffic is held up. This is why the government has built many overhead bridges to help people and 5 traffic moving at the same time.
The government of Singapore has 6 a lot of money building these bridges. For their own safety, people should be encouraged to use them 7 rushing across the road. Old people may find it a little 8 to climb up and down the steps, but it is still much safer than walking across the road 9 all the moving traffic.
Overhead bridges are very useful. People, both old and young, should 10 use them. This will stop accidents from happening.
1. A. noisy B. not safe C. crowded D. not busy
2. A. though B. or C. if D. till
3. A. pass B. use C. visit D. build
4. A. wide B. narrow C. busy D. free
5. A. see B. keep C. find D. feel
6. A. used B. made C. spent D. borrowed
7. A. full of B. fond of C. in spite of D. instead of
8. A. difficult B. different C. worried D. excited
9. A. past B. along C. about D. with
10. A. almost B. always C. nearly D. hardly
Ⅵ. 閱讀理解
(A)
The zipper is a wonderful invention. How did people ever live without zippers? Zippers are very common, so we forget that they are wonderful. They are very strong, but they open and close very easily. They come in many colors and sizes.
In the 1890s, people in the United States wore high shoes with a long row of buttons, too. People wanted an easier way to put on and take off clothes.
Whitcomb L. Judson invented the zipper in 1893. He was an engineer in Chicago. He called the zipper a slide fastener. However, it didn’t stay closed very well. This was not satisfactory, and people didn’t buy many of them. Then Dr Gideon Sundback from Sweden solved this problem.
A zipper has three parts: 1. There are dozens of metal or plastic hooks(called teeth) in two rows. 2. These hooks are fixed to two strips of cloth. The cloth strips can bend easily. 3. A fastener slides along and fixes the hooks together. When it slides the other way, it takes the hooks apart.
Dr Sundback put the hooks on the strips of cloth, and therefore held all the hooks in place. They don’t come apart very easily. This solved the problem of the first zippers.
1. Zippers are better than buttons because_____.
A. they are much stronger
B. they have more colors and sizes
C. they open and close more easily
D. they stay closed much better
2. A zipper stays closed when its fastener_____.
A. takes the hooks apart B. slides along the hooks
C. fastens the hooks together D. holds some hooks in place
3. The problem of the first zippers was that_____.
A. people didn’t buy many of them
B. they were very expensive
C. they didn’t close easily
D. they came apart very easily
4. Dr Sundback solved the problem of the first zippers by_____.
A. fixing the hooks on two cloth strips
B. fixing a slide fastener to the two cloth strips
C. fixing the two cloth strips in the proper position
D. fixing dozens of metal hooks in two rows
5. Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?
A. A zipper has hooks, cloth strips, and a slide fastener.
B. People didn’t like the first zippers.
C. Mr Judson and Dr Sundback gave us a wonderful invention, the zipper.
D. Zippers are very common and wonderful.
(B)
Lawn(草地) tennis is a good sport, being based on the ancient game of court tennis, which came up in Egypt or Persia some 2,500 years ago. Walter Wingfield thought that something like court tennis could be played outdoors on lawns, and in December 1873, he introduced his new game, which he called Sphairistike, at lawn party in Wales. The sport became popular very rapidly, but the strange, difficult name disappeared almost at once, being replaced by the very simple and logical(符合邏輯的) term “l(fā)awn tennis”. In 1874 the game was being played by British soldiers in Bermuda, and in the early months of that year a young lady named Mary Outerbridge returned from Bermuda to New York, bringing with her the equipment necessary to play the new game. With the help of one of her brothers, she laid out a court on the grounds of the Staten Island Cricket and Baseball Club, and then, in the spring of 1874, Miss Outerbridge and some of her friends played the first game of lawn tennis in the United States. And just two years later, in 1876, the first United States lawn tennis tournament(錦標(biāo)賽)was held at Nahant near Boston.
6. Mary Outerbridge is important in the history of lawn tennis because
.
A. she invented the game
B. she gave the game its name
C. she introduced the game to Bermuda
D. she introduced the game to the United States
7. The new game called Sphairistike appeared in_____ in 1873.
A. America B. Europe C. Bermuda D. Egypt
8. Lawn tennis was introduced to the United States in_____.
A. 1873 B. 1874
C. 1876 D. None of the above
9. The first United States lawn tennis game was played_____.
A. at Nahant B. on the Staten Island
C. in Boston D. None of the above
10. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. Lawn tennis became popular very rapidly in the United States.
B. It was Walter Wingfield who invented court tennis.
C. The sport was called “l(fā)awn tennis” shortly after it was invented.
D. Miss Outerbridge set up a lawn tennis court with the help of her brother.
Unit 5
Ⅰ. 詞匯
A. 根據(jù)已給首字母及括號內(nèi)的漢語提示,寫出下列各句空白處所缺的單詞｡
1. Shall we go out for a p_____(郊游)on Sunday afternoon?
2. There’re four o(海洋) in the world. Can you name them?
3. The police arrived at the c(關(guān)鍵的) moment and saved the girl.
4. Daniel is my next door n(鄰居). We often help each other.
5. Don’t throw g(垃圾) here and there, Tony. We must keep our classroom clean.
B. 用方框中所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空｡
1. If you want to see Dr Smith, you should make an_____ with him in advance.
2. Our team was so_____ that we were sure we would win.
3. Don’t be_____ about me any more, Mum. I’ve grown up.
4. ―Oh, Dad, I’m afraid. The dog is barking at me.
―Don’t be afraid, dear. Do you know the saying “_____ dogs never bite”?
5. Zhang Yimou and Feng Xiaogang are famous_____ in China.
6. After the tsunami(海嘯), the life became_____ difficult for the people there.
7. My little sister was so clever that she could_____ from one to one hundred at the age of four.
8. A thief_____ from the police after hitting a policeman on the nose.
9. The wolf_____ to be dead when he saw a hunter.
10. He was tired and_____ himself into the chair.
Ⅱ. 單項選擇
1. The book_____ be Tom’s. Look! His name is on it.
A. have to B. might C. could D. must
2. Jim is_____ child in Mr Green’s family. He has no brothers or sisters.
A. only a B. only the C. an alone D. the only
3. Simon_____ be at home now. He went to America this morning.
A. must B. mustn’t C. might not D. can’t
4. ―_____guitar is this?
―It’s mine.
A. Who B. Who’s C. Whose D. Whose’s
5. The soccer_____ be Brian’s. I remember he has one.
A. can B. would C. might D. has to
6. I’m busy,_____, I’d like to go to listen to Zhou Jielun.
A. however B. but C. though D. and
7. ―Oh, Jimmy. I_____ you_____ in Beijing.
―I’ve been here for two weeks.
A. don’t think; are B. didn’t think; were
C. didn’t think; are D. don’t think; were
8. I had no_____ that you were here.
A. mind B. idea C. heart D. think
9. There will be a math test on_____ tomorrow.
A. algebra B. chemistry C. geography D. physics
10. She was very_____ because she couldn’t find her mobile phone.
A. pleased B. strange C. carelessly D. anxious
11. They had to put off the football match_____ the heavy rain.
A. because B. with C. because of D. since
12.―How many_____ do you have, Jimmy?
―Twenty.
A. toy’s cars B. toys cars C. toys’ cars D. toy cars
13. I’m not the_____ of the guitar. It could be Jim’s.
A. owner B. teacher C. author D. inventor
14. Here’s the last bus. Let’s_____.
A. get on it B. get it on C. get off it D. get it off
15. They tried_____ the bus, but failed.
A. to catching B. catching C. to catch D. caught
Ⅲ. 同義句轉(zhuǎn)換 根據(jù)上句,完成下句,使兩句意思基本相同｡
1. Who can tell me how I can get to the station?
Who can tell me how_______________ the station?
2. Mike didn’t see anybody enter the building before ten.
Nobody____________________ the building before ten.
3. The bench was so long that all of us were able to sit on it.
The bench was long enough___________________________________.
4. I think that it is important to master a foreign language.
I think____________________ a foreign language.
5. Mary spent 3, 000 yuan on the color TV set.
The color TV set__________ 3, 000 yuan.
6. Of all the songs, this is the most popular.
This song is more popular____________________.
7. Mother didn’t do the work for her little son, but taught him how to do it.
Instead of____________________ her little son, she taught him how to do it.
8. I don’t know either Russian or French.
I know____________________.
9. If you take a bus, you will get there in about two hours.
_______________about two hours_______________ by bus.
10. I’d rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema.
I prefer__________ at home_______________ the cinema.
Ⅴ. 漢譯英 將下列句子譯成英語｡
1. 海明威是她最喜愛的作家｡
2. 我們不要不懂裝懂｡
3. 這部詞典是屬于圖書館的｡
4. 我怕把他吵醒了｡
5. 回家吃飯請別遲到｡
Ⅵ. 完形填空
Tolstoy, a great Russian writer, liked to walk about in a railway station near his home. One day when he was walking up and down as usual, looking at people getting on and off the 1, he heard a lady 2 after him, “Hey, you old fellow, go and fetch my handbag in the 3 room which I left there.
Tolstoy 4 there. He 5 the bag up and walked quickly along the platform(站臺). 6 the same time the lady was waiting beside the carriage, looking 7. When at last the old man gave the bag back to her, she opened it to 8 sure nothing was missing. “Good, old man,” said the woman. “You are just as quick as I hope. Here you are.” Tolstoy 9 the coin and put it into his pocket with a smile.
But the woman was very 10 when she heard that he was Tolstoy, the author of the great novel WAR AND PEACE. How interesting it was!
1. A. trains B. bikes C. cars D. planes
2. A. telling B. talking C. speaking D. shouting
3. A. dining B. next C. waiting D. meeting
4. A. jumped B. passed C. went D. came
5. A. took B. gave C. picked D. lifted
6. A. At B. By C. For D. In
7. A. back B. happy C. well D. worried
8. A. make B. get C. do D. take
9. A. showed B. picked C. watched D. took
10. A. worried B. surprised C. happy D. angry
Ⅶ. 閱讀理解
(A)
Good morning, class!
Today, I’ll talk about going online.
We know that there are too many net bars(網(wǎng)吧) around us. The Internet can make our lives interesting and enjoyable. Many of us like going online very much because we can learn how to use the computer and can get more information from the Internet. We can learn English. We can read some good newspapers and magazines. We can send e-mails to our friends quickly. We can chat freely online with our friends. We can get in touch with people from all over the world. We can play computer games on the Internet, because it can help develop our intelligence. But some students spend too much time playing computer games and some even stay in the net bars day and night. Some boys or girls get to having girlfriends or boyfriends online. It takes them too much time to chat online so they do worse and worse in their lessons and they don’t study well any more. I think we mustn’t get online when it is time for us to study. We can do it in summer or winter holidays. I think we should get online with adults――our teachers or parents.
At the same time, if we have lots of free time, we can do some out-of-class activities at school. We usually have activities from 4:50 to 5:50 in the afternoon. If you are interested in sports, you can play basketball or football. We also have some interest groups at school, such as drawing, singing and dancing. We can go to the English Corner on Monday afternoon. We can practise talking in English there. We hope we can spend less time on the Internet but more time on our subjects or such activities so that we can learn a lot.
Thank you for listening to me. That’s all.
1. The short passage is about_____.
A. going online B. how to communicate with others
C. the teachers or parents D. different kinds of activities
2. The Internet can make our lives_____.
A. helpful and important B. enjoyable and interesting
C. enjoyable but expensive D. interesting but tiring
3._____ is not good.
A. Going online by yourself
B. Reading newspapers and magazines online
C. Going online with adults
D. Spending all day in the net bars
4. Playing computer games moderately(適度地) can help make us_____.
A. healthy B. strong C. clever D. lazy
5. Which of the following is NOT right?
A. There are too many net bars in the cities.
B. We can learn English on the Internet.
C. We mustn’t get online when we are studying at school.
D. We can spend most of the time on the Internet.
(B)
Some people say laughter is the best medicine. Scientists are beginning to agree with this. They are studying laughter seriously and finding it is really good for us.
So what happens when we laugh? We use fifteen different muscles in our face, and laughing is good for every organ in our body. When we laugh, we breathe quickly and exercise the face, shoulders and chest. Our blood pressure goes down, and our circulation gets better. Our heart beat gets slower and our brain makes a natural painkiller.
Every minute we laugh is the same as forty-five minutes of relaxation①. Many doctors around the world believe that laughter helps us get better when we are sick②.
Of course, there are many kinds of laughter. We may change the way we laugh in different situations. But we all have a laugh that is special to us. How do you usually laugh?
根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,完成下列任務(wù)｡
6. 用學(xué)過的詞解釋注①:
7. 句意填詞:If a man stops laughing suddenly, his heart beat maybe gets_____.
8. According to the passage, which of the following is right?
A. People laugh in the same way.
B. One should learn different ways of laughing.
C. We need to laugh forty-five minutes each day.
D. Everyone has his own way of laughing.
9. 用一個英語句子概括本文的大意:_________________________
10. 把注②譯成漢語:________________________________________
Key to Unit 4:
Ⅰ. A. 1. plenty2. research3. public4. solutions5. lottery
B. 1. divide2. invited3. introduce4. trouble5. social6. listener7. pretty8. coming up with9. being late for10. were
Ⅱ.1-5 BACBA6-10 ADDDC11-15 DADAC
Ⅲ. A) 1. at, all2. if/whether, could3. not, without4. would, fly, had5. How, does; look
Ⅳ. 1. were, would, not, be2. rather, than 3. comes, top4. let, down5. without, permission
Ⅴ. 1-5 BAACB6-10 CDADB
Ⅵ. 1-5 CCDAC6-10 DBBBB
Key to Unit 5:
Ⅰ. A. 1. picnic 2. oceans 3. crucial4. neighbor5. garbage
B. 1. appointment2. confident3. worried4. Barking5. directors
6. extremely7. count8. escaped9. pretended10. dropped
Ⅱ. 1-5 DDDCC 6-10 ABBAD 11-15 CDAAC
Ⅲ. 1. to, get, to2. was, seen, to, enter3. for, all, of, us, to, sit, on4. it, important, to, master5. cost, Mary6. than, any, other, song7. doing, the, work, for8. neither, Russian, nor, French9. It, takes, you, to, get, there10. watchng, TV, to, going, to
Ⅳ. 1. Hemingway is her favorite author.
2. We mustn’t pretend to know what we don’t know.
3. This dictionary belongs to the library.
4. I was afraid of waking him.
5. Please try to be home in time for dinner.
第7篇：元旦標(biāo)語范文
1.1卒中單元配置概況
多學(xué)科專業(yè)人員組成了卒中治療和護(hù)理小組,由具備豐富經(jīng)驗的神經(jīng)內(nèi)科醫(yī)生主導(dǎo),成員涉及急診、危重癥醫(yī)學(xué)及護(hù)理人員,依據(jù)國內(nèi)外腦卒中治療指南制定診治規(guī)范和臨床路徑,配備經(jīng)驗豐富的神經(jīng)內(nèi)科醫(yī)生和護(hù)士,成立康復(fù)治療團(tuán)隊及第一時間為患者制定康復(fù)治療方案,對卒中臨床高級?？谱o(hù)士進(jìn)行員工培訓(xùn)、健康教育及質(zhì)量管理。
1.2護(hù)理管理
護(hù)理人員排班模式分為3個大組6個小組,每人管理6~8例患者,負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)護(hù)病床患者和普通病床患者的護(hù)理,根據(jù)臨床管理能力、管理經(jīng)驗合理搭配分組。每個護(hù)理人員都要接受卒中?？频呐嘤?xùn),在3個月內(nèi)參加1次卒中培訓(xùn)課程,完成卒中相關(guān)知識學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)習(xí)治療常規(guī)及臨床路徑、卒中后患者深靜脈血栓的預(yù)防、卒中教育和出院指導(dǎo)。學(xué)習(xí)的方法和形式可以多種多樣,例如固定的業(yè)務(wù)學(xué)習(xí),晨間查房、醫(yī)生授課等,使護(hù)理人員熟練掌握護(hù)理內(nèi)容,例如對患者進(jìn)行評估、病情觀察、治療護(hù)理、康復(fù)等?；颊呷朐汉笥韶?zé)任護(hù)士及組長評估患者的情況后給予卒中健康教育,健康教育要貫穿于護(hù)理的全過程,聯(lián)合康復(fù)科、營養(yǎng)科等進(jìn)行健康宣教,通過健康教育能夠有效地改變患者的行為方式,在卒中的二級預(yù)防中起到重要的作用。
1.3卒中?？频淖o(hù)理
1.3.1心理護(hù)理
患者突發(fā)腦卒中后,容易出現(xiàn)焦慮、煩躁等不良情緒,護(hù)理人員要主動與患者進(jìn)行溝通交流,讓患者正確的對待疾病和人生,保持樂觀、積極向上的心態(tài),配合治療盡快使疾病康復(fù)。針對患者不同的心理狀態(tài),例如焦慮、煩躁、抑郁等心理狀態(tài),采取相應(yīng)的心理疏導(dǎo),緩解患者的不良情緒,指導(dǎo)患者學(xué)會自我調(diào)節(jié),指導(dǎo)患者家屬要學(xué)會樂觀的照顧患者。
1.3.2?？谱o(hù)理
患者多為老年人,同時伴有意識障礙、語言障礙、運(yùn)動障礙,基礎(chǔ)護(hù)理任務(wù)大,要盡最大可能保證護(hù)理效果。
1.3.3個體化護(hù)理
由單純護(hù)理轉(zhuǎn)化到患者的康復(fù)、健康教育、出院指導(dǎo)、服藥依從性跟蹤觀察。
1.3.4綜合護(hù)理和安全護(hù)理
要求護(hù)理人員掌握全部護(hù)理知識和技能,做好患者的基礎(chǔ)護(hù)理,減少壓瘡等發(fā)生,要時刻關(guān)注患者的護(hù)理安全,對護(hù)士的操作、制度執(zhí)行情況進(jìn)行檢查,對易發(fā)生意外事件的患者密切觀察,早期處理。
1.3.5質(zhì)控護(hù)理
主要有下肢深靜脈血栓的預(yù)防、卒中教育、吞咽困難,卒中教育必須從入院時開始,貫穿于住院的全過程,吞咽困難篩查需要在患者第一口進(jìn)食服藥前完成,評估患者的活動能力及下肢皮膚。
2實(shí)施效果評價
臨床預(yù)后指標(biāo)也有明顯改善,平均住院日從2009年的17.5d,縮短至2011年的12.3d,降幅29.7%,所用藥品比例從61.2%降至49.8%,降幅18.6%,住院費(fèi)用從12748元下降至8638元,降幅32.2%,病死率下降18%,患者對卒中病房的護(hù)理滿意度從82.7%上升至96.9%。
3小結(jié)
第8篇：元旦標(biāo)語范文
在大型數(shù)據(jù)集群網(wǎng)絡(luò)中，業(yè)務(wù)邏輯節(jié)點(diǎn)和數(shù)據(jù)庫節(jié)點(diǎn)分布在不同的地理位置，導(dǎo)致在該網(wǎng)絡(luò)中創(chuàng)建或檢索用戶數(shù)據(jù)將經(jīng)歷較大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)延遲。如何快速找到用戶數(shù)據(jù)的地理位置節(jié)點(diǎn)（服務(wù)器識別號）將是減少網(wǎng)絡(luò)延遲的關(guān)鍵。介紹一種動態(tài)索引算法，基于簡單正則表達(dá)，建立用戶數(shù)據(jù)和服務(wù)器組之間的映射關(guān)系，并引入動態(tài)多叉樹，實(shí)現(xiàn)動態(tài)更改映射關(guān)系。引入一元組數(shù)據(jù)節(jié)點(diǎn)和二元組數(shù)據(jù)節(jié)點(diǎn)的概念，應(yīng)用于多叉樹，通過分析一元組多叉樹和二元組多叉樹的時間效率和空間效率，證明二元組多叉樹隨著樹深的增長，檢索時間復(fù)雜度保持更好的線性特性。通過一些性能測試的實(shí)驗數(shù)據(jù)的比較，得出二元組方案的綜合性能更優(yōu)的結(jié)論。最后，簡要地介紹該算法的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。
關(guān)鍵詞：
二元組；正則表達(dá)式；多叉樹；快速檢索；IMS；IMPI；IMPU
中圖分類號：TN915.12 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼：A 文章編號：1005-3824（2014）01-0071-05
0 引 言
隨著3G網(wǎng)絡(luò)商用化的成熟和LTE演進(jìn)，移動數(shù)據(jù)網(wǎng)的用戶數(shù)量必然隨著各種豐富的移動應(yīng)用而快速增長。移動數(shù)據(jù)網(wǎng)最大特點(diǎn)就是用戶注冊時能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)用戶標(biāo)識分離[1]，即用戶身份和用戶終端標(biāo)識的分離，IMS/SIP網(wǎng)中IMPI[2]/IMPU[3]能夠很好支持用戶標(biāo)識分離。大型IMS/SIP商用網(wǎng)絡(luò)的用戶數(shù)據(jù)管理是基于數(shù)據(jù)集群網(wǎng)絡(luò)，同一個用戶的信息可能分布在不同的地理位置服務(wù)器，同時用戶數(shù)據(jù)的主服務(wù)器和備份服務(wù)器也是分布在不同地理位置。這就決定了用戶數(shù)據(jù)創(chuàng)建和檢索的復(fù)雜性。通過數(shù)據(jù)庫集群網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如MySQL，解決這個困難的做法是，引入索引服務(wù)器，通過靜態(tài)配置用戶數(shù)據(jù)和服務(wù)器組的映射關(guān)系來克服。 但是這種方法由于具有靜態(tài)性，用戶不能動態(tài)更改映射關(guān)系，并且這種映射關(guān)系存在一對一的局限性，使問題的解決效率不高。
本文介紹了一種動態(tài)索引算法，該算法可以根據(jù)用戶的需求，動態(tài)更新映射規(guī)則，并且實(shí)現(xiàn)一個用戶數(shù)據(jù)對多個服務(wù)器（即一個服務(wù)器組）的復(fù)雜映射關(guān)系。算法的核心是：基于簡單正則表達(dá)，實(shí)現(xiàn)用戶數(shù)據(jù)和服務(wù)器組的復(fù)雜映射關(guān)系，并引入常駐內(nèi)存的動態(tài)多叉樹[4]實(shí)現(xiàn)用戶動態(tài)更改映射關(guān)系。 因此，在IMS網(wǎng)絡(luò)中用于創(chuàng)建或檢索用戶數(shù)據(jù)時，該算法能快速定位所在分布式數(shù)據(jù)集群網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的地理位置節(jié)點(diǎn)。在此基礎(chǔ)上，為了降低迭代次數(shù)，本文引入一元組數(shù)據(jù)節(jié)點(diǎn)和二元組數(shù)據(jù)節(jié)點(diǎn)的概念，分別應(yīng)用于該多叉樹。通過分析一元組數(shù)據(jù)節(jié)點(diǎn)和二元組數(shù)據(jù)節(jié)點(diǎn)，以及一元組多叉樹和二元組多叉樹的時間效率和空間效率，從理論上證明二元組多叉樹雖然空間開銷稍大一些，但是，基于二元組的多叉樹隨著樹深增長，檢索時間復(fù)雜度保持更好的線性特性。通過一些性能測試實(shí)驗數(shù)據(jù)的比較證明了本文的理論分析，同時得出二元組方案綜合性能更優(yōu)的結(jié)論。最后，簡要地介紹該算法可能的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。
1 簡單正則表達(dá)式的定義
簡單正則表達(dá)式支持的格式為“…%x00w%x00…%x00w%x00…%x00w%x00…”，每個“.”是一個符合RFC2486[2]（IMPI 格式） 和 RFC3261[3]（SIP IMPU格式）規(guī)定的有效字符，%x00w%x00中的w是匹配規(guī)則通配符串，且%x00w%x00的個數(shù)和位置沒有限定，為了簡化算法和提高檢索性能，我們規(guī)定如果出現(xiàn)多個%x00w%x00通配符，2個通配符中間至少需要一個“.”。
我們之所以選擇%x00封裝通配符，是因為根據(jù)RFC2486（IMPI） 和 RFC3261（SIP IMPU），“%x00”是未被IMPU和IMPI使用的；同時，使用%x00封裝通配符可以避免和其他字符，如“[”，”]”，”{“，”}”，等發(fā)生沖突；另外，封裝字符串%x00對大小寫不敏感，也就是說 “%X00” 和“%x00” 是等價的。
“%x00w%x00” 通用語法確定為
“%x00*[A|D][m，n]%x00”
針對該通用語法的一些特例：
1）“%x00*%x00”表示任意大于等于0的字符串。
2）“%x00*m，n%x00”表示任意大于等于m而小于等于n的字符串， 例如 “%x00*2，6%x00” 表示任意大于等于2而小于等于6的字符串。如果n或m不出現(xiàn)，則表示沒有上限或下限，例如， “%x00*，5%x00” 表示任意小于等于5的字符串；“%x00*2，%x00” 表示任意大于等于2的字符串。
3）當(dāng) “A” 或 “D”字母出現(xiàn)在星號之后，該通配符串用于匹配純字母串或純數(shù)字串。
2 動態(tài)多叉樹的構(gòu)建
表1中，我們給出了一個服務(wù)器組標(biāo)識符和模式字符串之間映射的例子，模式字符串是在第一小節(jié)中定義的。本小節(jié)中，如何根據(jù)模式字符串構(gòu)建動態(tài)多叉樹，將給出2種不同的方案。
方案1。
每棵多叉樹由3種節(jié)點(diǎn)組成。
根節(jié)點(diǎn)：即根模式節(jié)點(diǎn)，該節(jié)點(diǎn)只存儲樹的入口地址；
中間節(jié)點(diǎn)：即中間模式節(jié)點(diǎn)，除了存儲指向子節(jié)點(diǎn)地址信息外，還存儲最多不超過一個通配符加一個常字符分割符，或一個常字符分割串，但不能為空，我們把這種節(jié)點(diǎn)所存儲的數(shù)據(jù)稱為一元組數(shù)據(jù)；如果2個通配符之間有多個字符，從第二個字符開始，整個字符串作為常字符分割串存儲在其子節(jié)點(diǎn)中；
葉子節(jié)點(diǎn)：即葉模式節(jié)點(diǎn)，除了存儲1個一元組數(shù)據(jù)，還存儲最終要檢索的服務(wù)器組標(biāo)識符。
如圖1所示，我們把該多叉樹稱為一元組多叉樹。
該方案的最大局限性是每個通配符后面都必須跟一個常字符分割符，因此它很難處理下例的模式字符串：
“%x00*1，5%x00bcd%x00*A1，3%x00”。
方案2。
每棵多叉樹由3種節(jié)點(diǎn)組成。
根節(jié)點(diǎn)：即根模式節(jié)點(diǎn)，該節(jié)點(diǎn)只存儲樹的入口地址；
中間節(jié)點(diǎn)：即中間模式節(jié)點(diǎn)，除了存儲指向子節(jié)點(diǎn)的地址信息外，還存儲一個由通配符和一個常字符分割串組成的二元組，它定義如下
在該二元組里，具有先通配符串，后常字符分割串的先后順序關(guān)系，并且通配符串和常字符分割串兩者中，可以允許其中之一為空串，但不能2者都空。例如，一個模式字符串：2%x00*D2，2%，在1顆多叉樹中，必須有如下1個匹配路徑來匹配它：根節(jié)點(diǎn)（（。
葉子節(jié)點(diǎn)：即葉模式節(jié)點(diǎn)，除了存儲1個二元組數(shù)據(jù)，還存儲最終要檢索的服務(wù)器組標(biāo)識符。
如圖2所示，我們把該多叉樹稱為二元組多叉樹。表1列舉了3個模式字符串及其對應(yīng)的服務(wù)器組標(biāo)識符。圖1描述了由方案1構(gòu)建的一元組多叉樹，圖2描述了由方案2構(gòu)建的二元組多叉樹。如果要檢索“” 這個字符串對應(yīng)的服務(wù)器組，在圖1和圖2中，灰色節(jié)點(diǎn)表示匹配該字符串的一個樹路徑，并最終找到服務(wù)器組標(biāo)識符0x7，該標(biāo)識符的意思是，在一個服務(wù)器集群中，服務(wù)器1，2，3存儲了該字符串的相關(guān)信息。
3.3 數(shù)據(jù)節(jié)點(diǎn)的時間效率分析
方案1：如果輸入的字符串要匹配模式字符串， 我們必須先判定模式字符串中是否存在通配符串；由于通配符串是被2個“%x00”包裹，這將產(chǎn)生一次find（）開銷用來查找“%x00”。 C++標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義該算法的復(fù)雜度為O（n*m），其中n是輸入串的長度，m是檢索串的長度。
方案2：在數(shù)據(jù)節(jié)點(diǎn)中存儲了1個二元組數(shù)據(jù)對。由于通配符串和常字符分割串已經(jīng)按順序存儲，我們就不需要花額外的開銷來抽取。所以，在常字符分割串很長的情況下，方案2相比方案1減少很多時間開銷。
3.4 多叉樹的時間效率分析
對于給定一個輸入串，多叉樹必須提供一個匹配路徑，否則，查詢結(jié)果為空。這里，我們將最大長度的匹配路徑定義為樹深，記為H。對于一棵具有M個模式節(jié)點(diǎn)的多叉樹，我們可以用公式（11）表示它們的關(guān)系為
方案1中，從公式（11），我們可以得到樹深H和該多叉樹所包含的通配符串個數(shù)（W）之間的近似關(guān)系為
H≈2W （12）
從公式 （12），我們可以得到檢索時間的復(fù)雜度
TS∝O（2W） （13）
方案2中，從公式（11），我們可以得到樹深H和該多叉樹所包含通配符串個數(shù)（W）之間的近似關(guān)系為
H≈W （14）
從公式 （5），我們可以得到檢索時間的復(fù)雜度如下，
TS∝O（W） （15）
從公式 （13） 和 （15），我們可以看到，當(dāng)W增加時，二元組多叉樹的性能要好于一元組多叉樹的性能。 從上面對一元組多叉樹和二元組多叉樹的數(shù)據(jù)節(jié)點(diǎn)和整棵樹時間效率和空間效率的理論分析，我們不難看出，雖然方案1的存儲開銷要稍小一點(diǎn)，但是它的時間開銷要比方案2大不少。
CPU：32 bits， Dual-Core AMD Opteron（tm） 處理器 2212 1GHz。
內(nèi)存：8 GB。
操作系統(tǒng)：Linux Redhat 5.3。
圖11，12和13中的一元組多叉樹是根據(jù)第2節(jié)方案1構(gòu)建的，二元組多叉樹是根據(jù)第2節(jié)方案2構(gòu)建的。
4.2 實(shí)驗案例
1）案例1。
分別構(gòu)建一棵由10， 25， 50， 100，250，500，1 000個模式字符串組成的多叉樹，每個模式字符串組由一個常字符分割串（至少有2個字符組成）+通配符串+常字符分割串組成；再構(gòu)建一個輸入字符串集，集合大小等于模式字符串組的個數(shù)，對于每個輸入字符串，該多叉樹上總能找到一條路徑來匹配它；然后隨機(jī)產(chǎn)生輸入字符串來搜索該多叉樹，重復(fù)1 000次后取平均值作為字符串的檢索時間。方案1檢索時間對應(yīng)于圖5示例為一元組多叉樹的曲線，方案2檢索時間對應(yīng)于圖5示例為二元組多叉樹的曲線。由此可以看出這2種方案在樹深不大的情況下，字符串的檢索時間差別不大。
分別構(gòu)建一棵由50個模式字符串組成多叉樹，其他實(shí)驗數(shù)據(jù)與實(shí)驗方法和案例2相同。方案1檢索時間對應(yīng)于圖7示例為一元組多叉樹的曲線，方案2檢索時間對應(yīng)于圖7示例為二元組多叉樹的曲線。實(shí)驗案例3進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化了實(shí)驗案例2的結(jié)論：由此可以看出隨著樹深增加，對于字符串的檢索時間，方案2比方案1的優(yōu)勢越來越明顯。當(dāng)通配符串的個數(shù)達(dá)到9的時候，二元組多叉樹的開銷要比一元組多叉樹的開銷省將近48%。
5 結(jié) 論
從第3節(jié)性能分析和第4節(jié)性能測試數(shù)據(jù)可以看出，隨著通配符串個數(shù)的增加，二元組多叉樹的檢索時間保持了比較好的線性特性，一元組多叉樹的檢索時間則出現(xiàn)了比較大的非線性特性。由此，我們可以得出這樣一個結(jié)論，二元組多叉樹的綜合性能要優(yōu)于一元組多叉樹。
6 算法應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的思考
在電信領(lǐng)域，隨著IMS網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用的普及，移動互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶數(shù)的不斷增加，分布式用戶數(shù)據(jù)構(gòu)架已經(jīng)得到廣泛的應(yīng)用。在這種大背景下，該算法應(yīng)用于標(biāo)識用戶身份的IMPI/IMPU，創(chuàng)建用戶數(shù)據(jù)時，根據(jù)管理人員創(chuàng)建的模式字符串和服務(wù)器組映射規(guī)則，將其創(chuàng)建到不同后臺數(shù)據(jù)庫服務(wù)器；同時根據(jù)這些模式字符串，查詢用戶數(shù)據(jù)的時候，可以迅速定位到該用戶位于哪些服務(wù)器組。同樣，該算法也可以應(yīng)用于AUC[2] 數(shù)據(jù)，如 authchar，和 SLF[1，5-7] 數(shù)據(jù)，如SLFIMPI， SLFIMPU 和SLFMSISDN的創(chuàng)建和查詢。
參考文獻(xiàn)：
[1]3GPP.TS 23.228-2010 [EB/OL].[2013-09-05]..
[4] CIACCIA P， PATELLA M， ZEZULA P. M-tree： An Efficient Access Method for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces[EB/OL].[2013-09-02]. http：///conf/1997/P426.PDF.
[5] ETSI. ES 282 001-2005 [EB/OL]. [2013-09-08].http：///deliver/etsi_es/282000_282099/282001/01.01.01_60/es_282001v010101p.pdf.
[6] 3GPP. TS 23.002-2011 [EB/OL]. [2013-09-15]. http：//quintillion.co.jp/3GPP/Specs/23002-930.pdf
[7] 3GPP.TS22.228-2000[EB/OL]. [2013-09-29]. http：///ftp/tsg_sa/TSG_SA/TSGS_09/Docs/PDF/SP-000370.pdf.
作者簡介：
潘志鉑（1977-），男，福建永春人，工學(xué)碩士，工程師，主要研究方向為大型分布式網(wǎng)絡(luò)的數(shù)據(jù)處理。
Fast searching algorithm based on 2-tuple data pair for mini
regular expression
PAN Zhibo
（Alcatel-Lucent Qingdao R&D， Qingdao shandong 266101， P.R.China）
Abstract：
In the large-size data cluster network， service logic nodes and database nodes located in different geographical sites， which cause the creating or querying subscriber data， will experience a big network delay. So how to quickly find the server ID list for the subscriber data will be a key factor to reduce the network delay. In order to resolve this issue， a “dynamic indexing” algorithm is proposed in this paper. The core algorithm is based on two technologies： 1） a mini regular expression which can realize the complicated mappings between subscriber data and server list， and 2） the dynamical M-tree on which user can change the mapping rules dynamically. This paper introduces the concepts of 1-tuple data and 2-tuple data pair for this M-tree respectively. After analyzing key factors for this algorithm， including its time efficiency and space efficiency， this paper makes a conclusion that compared with the 1-tuple M-tree， the searching time complication is keeping better linear for the 2-tuple M-tree when the tree depth is continuously growing. Some performance testing data for them is also provided to consolidate this conclusion. At the end of this paper， some considerations are provided for the applications of this algorithm.
第9篇：元旦標(biāo)語范文
長期以來，語文教學(xué)中存在著盲目性和隨意性的弊端，教與學(xué)雙方都缺乏明確的目標(biāo)，往往表現(xiàn)為一種低層次重復(fù)的無效勞動。隨著近年語文教改的逐步深入，目標(biāo)教學(xué)順應(yīng)了語文教學(xué)改革的發(fā)展趨勢，并走向科學(xué)化，具有較強(qiáng)的可操作性和可檢測性。
下面就如何在單元教學(xué)中實(shí)施目標(biāo)教學(xué)談幾點(diǎn)看法。
筆者認(rèn)為進(jìn)行科學(xué)化的目標(biāo)教學(xué)，首先從單元教學(xué)開始。所謂單元教學(xué)，就是以一個單元作為一個基本的教學(xué)單位來作總體設(shè)計，對學(xué)生進(jìn)行語文聽、說、讀、寫能以力及語文知識能力綜合訓(xùn)練和進(jìn)行思想情感教育的一種教學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)組織形式。單元目標(biāo)教學(xué)就是在語文教學(xué)的全過程中實(shí)行有目標(biāo)控制的單元整體教學(xué)，它具有整體性、綜合性、控制性、序列性等特點(diǎn)。現(xiàn)在使用的九年義務(wù)教育教材，是以單元作為基本教學(xué)單位，為我們進(jìn)行單元目標(biāo)教學(xué)提供了依據(jù)和方便。在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中，筆者認(rèn)為要在單元教學(xué)中實(shí)施目標(biāo)教學(xué)，基本思路是：在總攬初中語文教材的前提下，充分認(rèn)識單元教學(xué)目標(biāo)在有目標(biāo)控制的單元整體教學(xué)中的地位和作用，以單元教學(xué)重點(diǎn)目標(biāo)總攬單元課文的教學(xué)，并依據(jù)單元教學(xué)目標(biāo)去精心設(shè)計優(yōu)化課文教學(xué)。
要實(shí)現(xiàn)這樣的教學(xué)目標(biāo)，應(yīng)做到以下幾點(diǎn)：
首先，吃透大綱精神，并把大綱精神與語文學(xué)科的教、學(xué)、考聯(lián)系起來考慮，明確“教點(diǎn)”、“學(xué)點(diǎn)”以及“考點(diǎn)”。
其次，總攬初中語文教材，把握整個初中階段、學(xué)年、學(xué)期、每個單元的單元教學(xué)要求，既要看到森林，又要看到樹木，使單元目標(biāo)與整體目標(biāo)相結(jié)合。
第三，把握現(xiàn)實(shí)學(xué)情，現(xiàn)實(shí)學(xué)情就是學(xué)生通過學(xué)習(xí)而具有的基礎(chǔ)狀況、能力狀況，因為它直接關(guān)系到單元目標(biāo)教學(xué)的成敗。
第四，明確教學(xué)目標(biāo)。單元教學(xué)目標(biāo)就是單元整體教學(xué)在基礎(chǔ)知識、基本能力和思想教育三個方面在一定階段要達(dá)到的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。它既反映了大綱要求，又展示了教材內(nèi)容，是介于大綱和教材之間的有利于教、學(xué)、考的指令性指標(biāo)。明確教學(xué)目標(biāo)就是要求教師和學(xué)生要有強(qiáng)烈的目標(biāo)意識。
就一個單元而言，實(shí)施目標(biāo)教學(xué)可按如下步驟：
第一，顯示目標(biāo)。一般來說，在進(jìn)行一個單元的教學(xué)時，可用一個課時（或叫總領(lǐng)課）來統(tǒng)觀全局，把握單元提示及全部課文。在進(jìn)行總領(lǐng)課教學(xué)時，就要顯示單元教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)目標(biāo)，讓學(xué)生明確本單元學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)該達(dá)到的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。顯示方式最好不要原裝批發(fā)，而應(yīng)通過課堂討論，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)單元提示、訓(xùn)練重點(diǎn)、預(yù)習(xí)提示分析本單元教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)目標(biāo)，并弄清單元重點(diǎn)目標(biāo)在單元中的地位和作用，使學(xué)生對所學(xué)單元形成整體印象。
第二，落實(shí)目標(biāo)。在教讀課文和自讀課文中具體落實(shí)單元教學(xué)目標(biāo)，應(yīng)通過課時目標(biāo)來落實(shí)。課時目標(biāo)是根據(jù)課文的訓(xùn)練重點(diǎn)、預(yù)習(xí)提示、閱讀提示及課后的思考練習(xí)來設(shè)計。課時目標(biāo)必須受到單元教學(xué)重點(diǎn)目標(biāo)的控制，教學(xué)不得游離于這個目標(biāo)。對于課文內(nèi)容，導(dǎo)學(xué)時不能面面俱到，而要全力以赴地突出單元教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)目標(biāo)。
第三，測試目標(biāo)。單元教學(xué)目標(biāo)既是教師實(shí)施單元目標(biāo)教學(xué)的依據(jù)，也是學(xué)生進(jìn)行單元目標(biāo)學(xué)習(xí)的原點(diǎn)，同時還是測量學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)效果的依據(jù)。目標(biāo)測試，主要通過單元達(dá)標(biāo)測試來進(jìn)行，主要看學(xué)生是否圍繞單元教學(xué)目標(biāo)在認(rèn)真地學(xué)習(xí)和在目標(biāo)的指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行有效地學(xué)習(xí)。可引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對所學(xué)單元的學(xué)習(xí)質(zhì)量進(jìn)行總結(jié)，總結(jié)要力求做到精要、有用、富有啟發(fā)性，對單元教學(xué)重點(diǎn)目標(biāo)和課文教學(xué)具體目標(biāo)進(jìn)一步鞏固加深，使學(xué)生對所學(xué)單元的得失有比較深刻的認(rèn)識。
教學(xué)實(shí)踐表明，在語文教學(xué)過程中進(jìn)行每個單元的目標(biāo)教學(xué)，具有對教學(xué)過程進(jìn)行定向控制的作用。它有利于克服長期以來語文教學(xué)只著眼于單篇，面面俱到，目標(biāo)重復(fù)分散而導(dǎo)致的語文課堂效率低、教學(xué)效果差的弊端。
目標(biāo)教學(xué)的嘗試與開展對優(yōu)化教學(xué)目標(biāo)，優(yōu)化教學(xué)內(nèi)容，優(yōu)化教學(xué)體系，為中學(xué)語文課堂教學(xué)中實(shí)施素質(zhì)教育的深化起著重要作用，是優(yōu)化教學(xué)、提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量的重要手段之一，意義重大。因此，中學(xué)語文教師要積極開展目標(biāo)教學(xué)的研究和落實(shí)活動。
參考文獻(xiàn)：
[1]中華人民共和國教育部.普通高中語文課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（實(shí)驗）[S].人民教育出版社，2003.
[2]朱慕菊主編.走進(jìn)新課程——與課程實(shí)施者對話[M].北京師范大學(xué)出版社，2004.
[3]張?zhí)鞂?新課程與課堂教學(xué)改革[M].人民教育出版社，2003.
[4]孫紹振.直諫中學(xué)語文教學(xué)[M].南方日報出版社，2003.